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CHPT04

This document is a chapter from a thermodynamics textbook. It covers energy analysis of closed systems, including various forms of work, heat transfer modes, and the first law of thermodynamics as applied to closed systems.

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milt80
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11 views39 pages

CHPT04

This document is a chapter from a thermodynamics textbook. It covers energy analysis of closed systems, including various forms of work, heat transfer modes, and the first law of thermodynamics as applied to closed systems.

Uploaded by

milt80
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Thermodynamics

An Engineering
Approach
Eighth Edition

Dr. Husam Rajab


Alasala Colleges
College of Engineering
Nov, 10th 2019
CHAPTER FOUR

Energy Analysis of Closed Systems


3-22

Introduction
• The first law of thermodynamics is essentially an
expression of the conservation of energy principle.
Energy can cross the boundaries of a closed
system in the form of heat or work.

• If the energy transfer across the boundaries of a


closed system is due
to a temperature difference, it is heat; otherwise, it
is work.
3-23

Introduction
• Heat is transferred in three ways: conduction,
convection, and radiation.

› Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more


energetic particles of a substance to the adjacent less
energetic ones as a result of interactions between the
particles.
› Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a solid
surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion, and
it involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid
motion.
› Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of
electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a result of the
changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or
molecules.
3-24

Introduction
• The three modes of heat transfer are expressed
as:
3-25

Introduction
• Various forms of work are expressed as follows:

› Electrical work: (kJ)

› Boundary work: (kJ)

› Gravitational work (=DPE): (kJ)

› Acceleration work (=DKE): (kJ)

› Shaft work: (kJ)

› Spring work: (kJ)


3-26

Introduction

• For the ploytropic process (Pvn = constant) of real


gases, the boundary work can be expressed as:
3-27

Introduction
• The energy balance for any system undergoing any
process can be expressed as:
3-28

Introduction
• The energy balances for any system undergoing any
process can be expressed in the rate form as:
3-29

Introduction
• Taking heat transfer to the system and work done by
the system to be positive quantities, the energy
balance for a closed system can also be expressed
as:

where:
3-30

Introduction
• For a constant-pressure process, .
Thus
3-31

Introduction
• The amount of energy needed to raise the
temperature of a unit of mass of a substance by one
degree is called the specific heat at constant volume
Cv for a constant-volume process and the specific heat
at constant pressure Cp for a constant pressure
process. They are defined as:
3-32

Introduction
• For ideal gases u, h, Cv, and Cp are functions of
temperature alone. The u and h of ideal gases can
be expressed as:
3-33

Introduction
• For ideal gases Cv, and Cp are related by:
3-34

Introduction
• The specific heat ratio k is defined as:
3-35

Introduction
• For incompressible substances (liquids and solids),
both the constant-pressure and constant-volume
specific heats are identical and denoted by C:
3-36

Introduction
• The u and h of incompressible substances are
given by
3-37

Introduction

• The refrigeration and freezing of foods is a major


application area of thermodynamics.
3-1

Heat Transfer

• (Fig. 4-3)
3-2

Adiabatic Process

• (Fig. 4-4)
3-3

Convection: Heat Transfer

• (Fig. 4-8)
3-4

Convection: Cooling

• (Fig. 4-9)
3-5

Radiation

• (Fig. 4-10)
3-6

Heat and Work

• (Fig. 4-15)
3-7

Path Functions

• (Fig. 4-16)
3-8

Boundary Work

• (Fig. 4-27)
3-9

Net Work per Cycle

• (Fig. 4-29)
3-10

Schematic/Diagram for Ex. 3-8

• (Fig. 4-31)
3-11

Schematic/Diagram for Ex. 3-9

• (Fig. 4-32)
3-12
Schematic/Diagram for the Polytropic Process

• (Fig. 4-33)
3-13

Schematic/Diagram for Ex. 3-13

• (Fig. 4-43)
3-14

Stretching a Liquid Film

• (Fig. 4-45)
3-15

System Energy Change

• (Fig. 4-52)
3-16

Energy Change for a Cycle

• (Fig. 4-54)
3-17

Closed-Systems, First-Law

• (Fig. 4-55)
3-18

Formal Definitions of Cv and Cp

• (Fig. 4-72)
3-19

Specific Heats for Some Gases

• (Fig. 4-76)
3-20

Three Ways to Calculate ²u


(Fig. 3-80)
3-21

Typical Freezing Curve (food)

• (Fig. 4-91)

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