A presentation on 1st Chapter from BDC

Introduction to Building and Planning

Part-II

Online Lecture N0.3

By -
Mr S G Suryawanshi,
MIT Academy of Engineering,
Alandi, Pune
2. Components,
Structures and
Foundation
General Terms

 Super structure
Super structure is
usually that part of building
Super
which is above the ground structure

level and which serves the

purposes of its intended use.
 Foundation
 Sub structure or Foundation
Sub structure is the lower
portion of the building which is below
the ground level & which transfer the
load of super structure to the sub soil.
Sub
 Sub soil structure

The soil which is located

immediately below the base of the Sub soil
foundation is called sub soil.
 Component of super structures
 Plinth
 Floor
 Wall
 Column
 Beam
 Roof
 Door and windows
 Lintel
 Sill
 Staircase
 parapet
Types of Structures

 Load bearing structure

 Frame structure
 Composite structure
Composite structure
 Poll- 1
 Tall story buildings can be constructed of?

A. Frame Structure
B. Load Bearing Structure
C. Composite Structure
D. Both A ad C
Substructure

Foundations
Functions of Foundations
 Reduction of load intensity.
It distributes the load to a larger area so that intensity of load does
not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the sub soil.
 Even distribution of load.
Distribution of non uniform load of the super structure evenly to the
sub soil.
 Provision of level surface.
It provides leveled and hard surface over which the superstructure
can be built.
 Lateral stability.

It gives the stability to the super structure against sliding and

overturning due to horizontal forces e.g. wind, earthquake
 Safety against undermining(damages).

It provides the structural safety against undermining or scouring due

to burrowing animals and flood water.
 Types of Foundations
Foundations

Shallow Deep

Spread Combined Strap Mat Deep Pile Pier Well

rectangular

Shallow – depth < width Shallow - (D/W) < 1

Deep - depth > width Deep – (D/W) > 1
Spread footing
Spread footings are those footing which spreads the superimposed load
of wall or column over a large area.

 Types of Spread footing:

2. Stepped footing for column
1) Single footing for column
Simple Footing Stepped Footing
Types of Spread Footing

3. Sloped footing for column

 Types of Spread Footing

Grillage
Foundation

GRILLAGE FOUNDATION
Combined footing

A Spread footings which combines/supports

two or more columns is termed as Combined footing.
 Types of Combined footing:

1) Rectangular combined footing

2) Trapezoidal combined footing

3) Combined column-wall footing.

Types of Combined Footing
Strap footing

When two or more footing of two

independent column are connected with beam
called as Strap footing.
 Mat/ Raft footing
A
Raft or Mat
foundation is
a combined
footing that
covers the
entire area
beneath a
structure
and supports
all the walls
and
columns.
Deep foundation

According to Terzaghi the foundation is said to

be Deep when it’s depth is greater than its width.
Types of Deep foundation
 Deep strip, rectangular or square footing.
 Pile foundation
 Pier foundation
 Well foundation
Types of deep Foundation

Pile Foundation Pier Foundation Well Foundation

Failure of Foundation
Causes of failures of Foundation &
their Remedial Measures
 Unequal settlement of subsoil
Causes
1) non uniform nature of soil
2) unequal load distribution
Remedial Measures
1) Resting the foundation on rigid strata
2) Proper design of base of footing.
Causes of failures of Foundation &
their Remedial Measures
 Sub soil moisture movement
1) If water table reduced- shrinkage of sub soil-lack of sub soil support-
causes cracks on footing.

2) If water table increased- soil swells- creates high swelling pressure.

Remedial Measures

1) Foundation should be taken at least 0.5m lower than the depth of water
table.

2) Depth of clay layer is large- excavate wider & deeper foundation trench-
murum filling around & beneath of footing.
Causes of failures of Foundation &
their Remedial Measures
 Lateral pressure on the wall
1) Walls transmitting the load directly to the foundation may be subjected to
lateral pressure or thrust from roof or arch or wind action

2) Due to this foundation will be subjected to a moment due to overturning or

by generation of tensile stresses on one side & high compressive stresses
on the other side of the footing.

Remedial Measures

1) Proper design of foundation to carry load acting on wall.

Causes of failures of Foundation &
their Remedial Measures
 Lateral movement of subsoil
1) In case of very soft soil which gets easily move under vertical loads
specially at locations where the ground is sloping.

2) In case of granular soil, if big pit is excavate near foundation then

that soil moves towards pit & causes settlement.

Remedial Measures

1) Provide sheet piles.

Causes of failures of Foundation &
their Remedial Measures
 Trees & Shrubs

1) Roots of the trees absorb the water from the foundation soil.

2) Due to this shrinkage of sub soil occurs & that causes failure of
foundation.

Remedial Measures

Avoid close plantation of big size trees.

Causes of failures of Foundation &
their Remedial Measures
 Atmospheric action
1) Atmospheric agents are sun, wind & rain.

2) If the depth of foundation is shallow moisture movement occurs when rain

occurs.

3) If the building is at low laying area & foundation is at shallow depth then
water gets staggered near foundation & decrease the strength of footing.

Remedial Measures

1) Filling back the foundation trench with good soil & compacting it.

2) Provide a narrow strip of impervious material with gentle slop.

 Poll- 2
 Which is not the type of deep foundation?

 Pier
 Mat
 Well
 Pile
 Dampness

• Presence of hygroscopic
or gravitational moisture
• Reduce strength and lead to
unhygienic conditions
• Damp preventio is
therefore n one of the
important factor for
building design.s
 Causes of dampness

• Moisture rising up the walls from ground

• Rain travel from wall tops
• Rain beating against external walls
• Poor drainage at the building site
• Defective construction
• Imperfect orientation

• Imperfect roof slope.

• Absorption of water.
 Effects of dampness

• Breeding of mosquitoes
• Moisture cause unsighty patches, softening
of plaster
• May cause efflorescence; disintegration of
stones, bricks
• Cause rusting and corrosion of metal fittings
• Floor coverings are damaged
Damp Proof Course(D.P.C.)

 DPC is a layer provided between the source of

dampness & part of the building adjacent to it.

DPC Materials
 DPC may consist a flexible material such as
1. Hot Bitumen
2. Mastic asphalt
3. Bitumen Felts
4. Metal Sheets
5. Combination of sheets and bituminous felts
6. Bricks , Stones, Mortars
7. Cement concrete
8. Plastic or polythene sheets
Material Used for DPC:
• Hot bitumen:
– This is highly flexible material, which can be
applied with a minimum thickness of 3 mm.
– It is placed on the bedding of concrete or mortar,
while in hot condition.

• Mastic asphalt:
– Mastic-asphalt is semi-rigid material which
is quite durable and completely impervious.

It is by
obtainedwith sand and mineral
asphalt heating
fillers.
However, it should be laid very carefully
by experienced persons.
• Bituminous felts:
– This is a very flexible material which is available in rolls of
various wall thickness. It is laid on a leveled flat layer of
CM.
-An overlap of 10 cm is provided at joints and full width
overlap is provided at angles, junctions and crossings.
• Metal sheets:
– sheets of lead, copper, aluminium can be used as DPC.
Lead sheets are quite flexible and thickness should be
such that its weight is not less than 20 kg/m2. They are
laid similar as bituminous felts.
– Copper sheets are of 3 mm thick and embedded in lime or
cement mortar. It has high durability, resistance to
dampness, sliding, etc.
– Aluminium sheets are used with protective layer of
bitumen and not as good as other two.
• Combination of sheets and bituminous felts:
– Lead foil sandwiched between asphaltic or bituminous felts
can effectively used as DPC and combination is known as
lead core.
• Bricks:
– Special bricks, having water absorption not less than 4.5
% of their weight may be used as
DPC in locations where dampness is not excessive.
• Stones:
– Dense and sound stones,such as granite,
trap, slates, etc. are laid in CM in two courses to form
effective DPC
• Mortar:
– CM (1:3) is used as bedding layer for housing other DPC
materials.
• Cement concrete:
– Cement concrete 1:2:4 or 1:1.5:3 is generally provided
at plinth level to work as DPC. The thickness may vary
from 4 to 15 cm. Such a layer can effectively check the
water rise due to capillary action.
• Plastic sheets:
– This is relatively new type of DPC material, made up
from black polythene, 0.5 to 1 mm thick in usual walling
width and roll length of 30 m. The treatment is cheaper
but not permanent.
General Principles

 Cover full thickness of walls

 Mortar bed supporting DPC should be leveled &
even & should be free from projections.
 DPC should be laid in continuous projection
 When horizontal DPC continued to a vertical face,
a cement concrete fillet of 7.5cm provided.