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Testing & Specification

TILE STANDARDS :

Wall Tile : IS 15622 : 2017 Group  BIII

Floor Tile : IS 15622 : 2017 Group  BIIA

Marbonite : IS 15622 : 2017  Group BIa

Porselano : IS 15622 : 2017  Group  BIb

Endura : IS 15622 : 2017 & IS4457-2007

Most manufacturer's of the tile industry follows :

ISO – 13006 & IS 15622 AND Testing Method IS 13630
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Testing : Measurement
• Measurement of length and width
– Each side of the tile must be measured 5 mm away from the
corners. The average dimension of a square tile consists in the
average of 4 measurements and the average size of the ample
consists in the average of 40 measurements.
– The average length and width of an oblong tile consists in the
average of the measurements of two opposite sides, so that the
average length and width of the sample consist in the average of
twenty measurements of each dimension.
• Thickness
– The Deviation in the thickness is also one of the parameters in the
Technical specification. Here the deviation in the thickness of the
tile within a batch material is measured.
– It is a complete tile thickness including ribs & measured by using
screw gauge or vernier caliper or Dial gauge. It is measured in mm
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Curvature / Warpage / Planarity

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Curvature / Warpage / Planarity

Surface Flatness is directly proportionate

with Centre Curvature.

Straightness of tiles is Edge Curvature

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Curvature / Warpage / Planarity

Straight tiles :- 0 curvature

Concave bend (Cc) :- “Negative” Planarity

Convex bend (Cv) :- “Positive” Planarity

Ceramic , GVT, Endura & Polished Vitrified tiles

are having slight Positive planarity for better
laying in floor / wall.
Tech Team, Johnson 6
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STRAIGHTNESS OF SIDES
• Testing Apparatus

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STRAIGHTNESS OF SIDES
• Define as the deviation from straightness of the
center of the side in the plane of the tile. The
measurement is only relevant to the straight sides
of tiles.
• when a tile is placed in the apparatus, the locating
studs are 5mm from the each comer of the side
being measured.
• place the proper surface of the tile on the locating
studs in the apparatus and record the dial gauge
reading in the center of the side. Rotate the tile, if
square, to obtain four measurements.
• Measure to an accuracy of 0.1 mm. 8
 RECTANGULARITY
• If a comer of the tile is placed against the angle of
an accurate ccalibrating plate, deviation in percent
from rectangularity is defined as :
∂/L x 100
where
• L -length of the adjacent sides of the tile, and
• ∂ - deviation of the outer corner of the side of the
tile (measured 5mm from the comer) from the
inner side of the calibrating plate.
• Measure to an accuracy of 0.1 mm.

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 RECTANGULARITY
• Rectangularity can be checked by Pythagoras
Theorem:
– if 600 x 600 size then
C = √600² + 600²
C = 848.52

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Quality
• Surface Quality
– Surface quality is the evaluation of defects like cracks,
depressions, pin holes, specks & spots, decorating fault, shading,
chipped edges and chipped corners. ISO/EN Standard states that
95% from test lot must be free from visible defects

– This assessment requires a surface of at least 1 square meter and

a minimum of 25 tiles. The tiles must be placed under a light
source of 300 lux and observed with the naked eye from a
distance of one meter. The quality of the surface is expressed as a
percentage of tiles without defect. Intentional surface effects
must not be considered defects; cracks, nipped edges and nipped
corners can not be considered intentional effects.

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Quality
QC checking - Tile surface quality & Shade

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Testing: Water Absorption
Water Absorption
 Water absorption is a characteristic that is used to describe tile structure in
a quantitative way; a high level water absorption corresponds to a porous
structure, a low level to a compact structure. Low water absorption
especially in unglazed vitrified tiles or glazed vitrified tiles, equates to high
stain resistance and good breaking strength.

Water Absorption is the product capacity for water penetration. The

quantity of water a tile can absorb expressed as percent of the dry tile
weight

Tech Team, Johnson 13

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Testing: Water Absorption

• Determination of water absorption

The test must be performed on 10 whole tiles in cases where the
surface of each tile is less than 0.04 m2; if greater than 0.04 m2, 5
tiles will suffice. In any case, every test sample must weigh a
minimum of 50 g.
After tiles are brought to a constant weight through drying, they are
weighed with a precision which depends on the weight of the tile.
Tiles are then placed to be boiled in a container of distilled or
deionized water, in such a way that they do not touch the bottom
and are completely immersed. Container should be kept at boiling
point for two hours. Then tiles should be left cooling for four hours
immersed in water. Once the tiles have been removed from the
container, excess water is removed with a chamois leather and tiles
are then weighed, again as precisely as for dry weight.
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Testing: Water Absorption

• Determination of water absorption

The absorption of water, expressed as a percentage of the weight of
the dry material, is expressed in the formula:
M2 - M1
100
where: M1
m1 = the mass of the dry tile
m2 = the mass of the wet tile.
The average absorption of water of the sample is determined by the
arithmetic average of the individual results, and results must be
rounded off to a single decimal place.
The determination of water absorption, which is required for a
product’s assignment to a group, remains the same as that stipulated
by the European Standards (EN 99); other properties have also been
added for which no requirement
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Testing : M.O.R.
• MODULUS OF RUPTURE ( FLEXURAL STRESS )
– This is the maximum flexural stress under specific condition a
material can support before breaking. The unit measurement is
N/mm2. The bending strength at fracture is reported in N.
– The "flexural Strength" is a parameter characteristic of the
material and corresponds to the maximum stress per unit area
that a specimen can withstand without breaking when it is
subjected to an increasing load.
– Using the digital MOR testing machine, the load at which the
specimen breaks (bending or breaking strength) is recorded. This
is converted into the Modulus of Rupture (MOR) using a formula
that contains the length, breadth & thickness of the tile as the
parameters.

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Testing : M.O.R.

Apparatus for Modulus of Rupture & Bending Strength

Min.
Bending Min.
WA Strength MOR
<0.5% 1300 35

0.5 - 3% 1100 30
3 - 6% 1000 22
6 - 10% 800 18
For a rectangular sample under a load in a three-point
>10% 600 15
bending setup

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Testing : M.O.R.

• Determination of modulus of rupture

– The test must be performed on whole tiles whose number
depends on the size of the tiles (Table 1). Only exceptionally large
tiles, or tiles whose shapes make it impossible to insert them in
the apparatus, may be cut.

– The tile is placed on two supporting rods with the proper surface
uppermost so that it protrudes by the length 1 beyond each
supporting rod. The load is applied evenly at a constant rate of
increase of stress (1 N/mm2 s) by means of a third rod in contact
with the proper surface, equidistant between the supporting rods.

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Testing : M.O.R.
• Determination of modulus of rupture
– For rectangular tiles, the longer side must be perpendicular to the
support rods.
❑ The resistance to bending σ, expressed
as N/mm2, is given by the formula
– where :
F = breaking load (in N)
L = span between the supporting rods (in mm)
b = width of the tile at the broken edge (in mm)
d = minimum thickness of the tile (in mm) measured along the
broken edge.0r Depth of the tile
The average resistance to bending of the sample is the arithmetic
average of the individual results.
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Calculation of M.O.R.

F = breaking load (in N): 2500N

L = span between the supporting rods (in mm):580
b = width of the tile at the broken edge (in mm):598
d = minimum thickness of the tile (in mm) :8.3
M.O.R.= 3FL 3 2500 580 n x mm
2BD² 2 598 (8.3)² mmxmm²
4350000 N
82392 mm²
52.79N/mm²

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Testing: Breaking Strength

• The breaking strength is calculated using following

formula.
• S = FL / b
– Where,
– S = Breaking strength, in N
– F = Load required to break the tile, in N
– L = Centre to center length between two support rods, in
mm
– b = Width of the tile, in mm

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Calculation of Breaking strength

S = Breaking Strength N
F = breaking load (in N): 2500N
L = span between the supporting rods (in mm):580
b = width of the tile at the broken edge (in mm):598
S= FL 2500 580 NXm
B 598 m
1450000 N
598
2424N

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Testing: Scratch Hardness
Scratch hardness tests are used to determine the hardness of a material
to scratches. It is based on relative scratch hardness; with talc assigned a
value of 1 (soft) and diamond(Hard) assigned a value of 10. Scratch
resistance is tested by Moh’s hardness scale which is ranging from 1 to
10 using 10 different minerals
Mohs Hardness Scale
Mineral Hardness

Talc 1
Gypsum 2
Calcite 3
Fluorite 4
Apatite 5
Orthoclase 6
Quartz 7
Topaz 8
Corundum 9
Diamond 10
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Testing: Abrasion Resistant
• Resistance to Abrasion
– Abrasion resistance is the capacity of the glazed surface to resist
the wear caused by foot traffic or the abrasion caused by
mechanical equipment. The wear action determines the suitable
applications for each tile.
– PEI ratings – PEI rates abrasive resistance of the tile’s glaze on a
scale of zero to five (1-5). This test is only for glazed tiles and does
not apply to unglazed vitrified tile and other unglazed types of tile.
Deep abrasion test for unglazed vitrified tile
It is measured by Abrasimeter and Deep Abrasion
Tester

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Testing: Abrasion Resistant
Determination of surface abrasion resistance of glazed tiles
– The abrasive load consists of steel balls of various diameters, white
aluminium oxide F80 and water.
– The test must be performed on eleven samples of 100 mm x 100
mm, cut out of the tiles in such a way as to include the different
colors and decorations that may be present in the proper surface.
– The number of revolutions for every stage of abrasion is:100, 150,
600, 750, 1,500, 2,100, 6,000, and 12,000.
– After the abrasion, samples are rinsed, dried and placed under a
light source capable of lighting the surface of the samples with an
intensity of 300 lux: a test sample is determined to have not
resisted a certain stage of abrasion when the area subjected to
wear is clearly distinguishable. Tiles whose abraded surface can
still, after 12,000 revolutions of abrasion, be considered cleanable if
subjected to the stain resistance test according to EN ISO 10.545 -
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Testing: Abrasion Resistant

Deep Abrasion Tester for

PEI Abrasion Test using Unglazed Tiles
Abrasimeter Abrasive action of rotating
Applicable for glazed tiles steel disc in contact with tile
in between which is a
Tiles placed on a rotating
flowing stream of
disc loaded with an abrasive
corundum grains of 80 grit
mix comprising of Stainless
steel balls, Distilled water, Volume of material
and Corundum 80 grit removed is measured

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GLAZED TILES USAGE GUIDELINES
BASED ON ABRASION CLASS
Wall tile only. Should not be used on
Class 1 (PEI 1) No Foot Traffic
floors.
Walked with barefoot/soft soled or where
abrasive foot traffic is minimal - such
Class 2 (PEI 2) Very Light Traffic
as bathrooms, bedrooms or
dining rooms and living rooms.

For floors subject to normal foot traffic

and usage Including kitchens, outdoor
Light to Moderate entryways and hallways. These tiles
Class 3 (PEI 3)
Traffic can be recommended for all
residential installations with normal
foot traffic.
Suitable for light to medium commercial
Moderate to
Class 4 (PEI 4) applications and high foot traffic areas
Heavy Traffic
for residential application.
Ideally suited for all residential and heavy
Class 5 (PEI 5) :Heavy Traffic: traffic commercial areas under normal
foot traffic conditions.
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Testing: Abrasion Resistant
Comparison of Ceramic tile with other materials on PEI test

Marble After 300 Ceramic Tile After Granite After 1000

Revolution 750 Revolution Revolution

Vitrified Tile After SSR TILE After

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1500 Revolution 12000 Revolution
Testing: Deep Abrasion Resistant

• This is a characteristic that provides information on the degree

of internal cohesion of a material, a characteristic that might
also be described as toughness, with respect to the aggression
involved in the application of a revolving disc, under a constant
pressure, on the tile surface for a fixed time while abrasive
material is being fed between the tile surface and the disc.
• The length of the track left on the tile after the test is indicative
of the greater or lesser degree of toughness of the test
material.
• This characteristic is envisaged for all modular rigid materials
intended for flooring. In the case of ceramic tiles, the length of
the track left on the tile corresponds to a volume of removed
material expressed in cubic millimeters (mm3 ), based on a
mathematical
www.hrjohnsonindia.com formula that calculates this volume.
Testing: Deep Abrasion Resistant

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Testing: Deep Abrasion Resistant

• The volume of material, in cubic millimetres, removed from a groove

made in a tile with a rotating disc (150 revolutions) and grit feed, is
measured. The test method provides a table of equivalences
between the volume of removed material (V) and the length of the
groove (l), based on the formula:

where:
sin α/2 = l/d
d: diameter of the rotating disc (in mm)
h: thickness of the rotating disc (in mm)
l: chord length of the groove (in mm)

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Testing: Deep Abrasion Resistant

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Testing: Thermal Expansion

• Linear Thermal Expansion

– The linear coefficient of thermal expansion describes the relative
change in length of a material per degree temperature
• Determination of linear thermal expansion
– To perform the test, two perpendicular samples must be cut from the
centre area of the tile. The length of the samples must be suitable to
the measuring apparatus; the area of the cross-section must be
greater than 10 mm2 and the length of any side in cross-section must
be less than 6 mm. In the case of glazed tiles, the glaze must be
removed.
– After the samples are dried, their length is measured at room
temperature with cursor calipers/gauge. Every test sample is
placed in an instrument capable of raising the temperature by 5
oC/min. Initially and throughout the heating procedure, the
length of the sample is measured.
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Testing: Thermal Expansion

Dialtometer- Thermal Expansion

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Testing: Moisture Expansion

• Moisture expansion is the proportional accelerated

expansion that results from subjecting reheated
tiles to extended immersion in boiling water.
• Immerse the test specimens in boiling water for 24
hrs consecutively, ensuring that there is at least 50
mm height of water above and the test specimen do
not touch each other or touch the base and sides.
• Remove the test specimens and allow them to cool
at room temperature, measure them after 1 h and
again after a further 3 h.
• Record the measurement : unit  mm/m
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Testing: Moisture Expansion

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Testing: Coefficient of Friction
Coefficient of friction (COF)
– A slip occurs when a foot, having made contact with a surface,
slides backwards, forward or sideways, slipping, or resistance to
slipping is measured by the "Coefficient of Friction". The
Coefficient of friction is defined as the ratio of the horizontal
forces (H) necessary to move an object across a surface, to the
weight of the object (V). Thus Cf=H/V

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Testing: Coefficient of Friction

Skid resistance- COF

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Testing: Chemical Resistance
• Chemical Resistance
– The Chemical Resistance is the characteristic that determines the
behavior of a ceramic surface in contact with aggressive
chemicals, i.e. substances that due to their composition and
chemical characteristics are capable of reacting with the ceramic
surface in such a way as to corrode it, penetrate permanently
inside it or alter its aesthetic appearance in some way.
RESISTANCE TO STAINING Aqueous test solutions
(4.1) Ammonium chloride
RESISTANCE TO ACIDS AND ALKALIS
(4.2) Sodium hypochlorite
RESISTANCE TO HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS (4.3.1) Hydrochloric acid
RESISTANCE TO SWIMMING POOL SALTS (4.3.2) Hydrochloric acid
(4.3.1) Citric acid
(4.3.2) Lactic acid
(4.3.1) Potassium Hydroxide
(4.3.2) Potassium Hydroxide

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Testing: Chemical Resistance

• Chemical Testing

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 • Thank You

• Gunesh Purohit 95940 98197

• [email protected]
• Sudhir Kale 86919 77711
• [email protected]

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