CHAPTER 5
Signal Encoding Techniques
“Thus one says, in general, that the function of the transmitter is to encode,
and that of the receiver to decode, the message. The theory provides for
very sophisticated transmitters and receivers—such, for example, as
possess ‘memories,’ so that the way they encode a certain symbol of the
message depends not only upon this one symbol but also upon previous
symbols of the message and the way they have been encoded.”
,The Mathematics of Communication—
,Scientific American, July 1949
Warren Weaver
Digital data, digital signal
Digital data, analog signal
Analog data, digital signal
Analog data, analog signal
Digital Data, Digital Signal
Digital signal
• Sequence of discrete voltage pulses
• Each pulse is a signal element
Binary data are transmitted by encoding each data bit
into signal elements
Line coding and decoding
Converting a digital data of 1’s and 0’s into a sequence of signals
(voltage level (+V) and a low voltage level (0 or -V)).
Key Data Transmission Terms
Relationship between data rate and signal
rate
• The data rate defines the number of bits sent per sec - bps.
• The signal rate is the number of signal elements sent in a
second and is measured in bauds.
• Bit rate = (number of bits per pulse) x (baud rate)
Mapping Data symbols onto Signal levels
• A data symbol (or element) can consist of a number of data bits:
• 1 , 0 or
• 11, 10, 01, ……
• A data symbol can be coded into a single signal element or multiple
signal elements
• 1 -> +V, 0 -> -V
• 1 -> +V and -V, 0 -> -V and +V
• The ratio ‘r’ is the number of data elements carried by a signal element.
Signal
element
versus data
element
Definition of
Digital
Signal
Encoding
Formats
Nonreturn to Zero
Voltage level is constant during a bit interval
• No return to a zero-voltage level
• Negative voltage represents 1 and a positive voltage represents 0
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
Nonreturn to Zero
Voltage level is constant during a bit interval
• No return to a zero-voltage level
• Negative voltage represents 1 and a positive voltage represents 0
Non-return to Zero Inverted (NRZI)
Non-return to zero, invert on ones
• Transition (low to high, high to low) denotes binary 1
• No transition denotes binary 0
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
Non-return to Zero Inverted (NRZI)
Non-return to zero, invert on ones
• Transition (low to high, high to low) denotes binary 1
• No transition denotes binary 0
Multilevel Binary: Bipolar-AMI
• Binary 0 represented by no line signal
• Binary 1 represented by positive or negative pulse
• Binary 1 pulses alternate in polarity
0 1 0 0 1 0
Multilevel Binary: Bipolar-AMI
• Binary 0 represented by no line signal
• Binary 1 represented by positive or negative pulse
• Binary 1 pulses alternate in polarity
Multilevel Binary: Pseudoternary
• Binary 1 represented by absence of line signal
• Binary 0 represented by alternating positive and negative pulses
0 1 0 0 1 0
Multilevel Binary: Pseudoternary
• Binary 1 represented by absence of line signal
• Binary 0 represented by alternating positive and negative pulses
Manchester Encoding
There is a transition at the middle of each bit period
Low to high transition represents a 1
High to low transition represents a 0
0 1 0 0 1 1
Manchester Encoding
There is a transition at the middle of each bit period
Low to high transition represents a 1
High to low transition represents a 0
Differential Manchester Encoding
• The encoding of a 0 is represented by the presence of a transition
at the beginning of a bit period
• A 1 is represented by the absence of a transition at the beginning
of a bit period
0 1 0 0 1 1
Differential Manchester Encoding
The encoding of a 0 is
represented by the presence of
a transition at the beginning of
a bit period
A 1 is represented by the
absence of a transition at the
beginning of a bit period
Digital Data, Analog Signal
• Digital data needs to be carried on an analog signal.
• A carrier signal (frequency fc) performs the function of transporting
the digital data in an analog waveform.
• Uses modem (modulator-demodulator) to convert digital data to
analog signals and vice versa
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
• ASK is implemented by changing the amplitude of a carrier signal
to reflect amplitude levels in the digital signal.
• Encode 0/1 by different carrier amplitudes
Binary Frequency Shift Keying
(BFSK)
• Two binary values are represented by two different frequencies
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
• The phase of the carrier signal is shifted to represent data
• Binary PSK
• Two phases represent the two binary digits
• Differential PSK
• Phase shifted relative to previous transmission rather than some
reference signal
Analog Data, Digital Signal
• Digitization is the conversion of analog data into digital data
• Analog to digital conversion is done using a codec
• Pulse code modulation
• Delta modulation
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
• PCM consists of three steps to digitize an analog signal:
1. Sampling
2. Quantization
3. Binary encoding
• Before we sample, we have to filter the signal to remove high
frequency components that affect the signal shape.
Components of PCM Encoder
Three different sampling methods for PCM
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
To convert to digital, each of these analog samples must be assigned
a binary code
Quantized PAM Signal
• The result of PAM is a series of pulses with amplitude values between the
maximum and minimum amplitudes of the signal with real values.
• Quantization: is a method of assigning integer values in a specific range to
sampled instances.
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Binary Encoding
Each quantized samples is translated into equivalent binary codes.
Delta Modulation (DM)
• Analog input is approximated by a staircase function
• Move up or down one level () at each sample interval
• Binary behavior
• Function moves up or down at each sample interval
• Moving up: generating 1
• Moving down: generating 0
