Scribd
Upload
26 views22 pages

Addressing Modes 1

Uploaded by

adesh.k4139
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
26 views22 pages

Addressing Modes 1

Uploaded by

adesh.k4139
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Addressing Modes

Addressing Modes
• Immediate
• Direct
• Indirect
• Register
• Register Indirect
• Displacement (Indexed)
• Stack
Immediate Addressing
• Operand is part of instruction
• Operand = address field
• e.g. ADD 5
—Add 5 to contents of accumulator
—5 is operand
• No memory reference to fetch data
• Fast
• Limited range
Immediate Addressing Diagram

Instruction
Opcode Operand
Direct Addressing
• Address field contains address of operand
• Effective address (EA) = address field (A)
• e.g. ADD A
—Add contents of cell A to accumulator
—Look in memory at address A for operand
• Single memory reference to access data
• No additional calculations to work out
effective address
• Limited address space
Direct Addressing Diagram

Instruction
Opcode Address A
Memory

Operand
Indirect Addressing (1)
• Memory cell pointed to by address field
contains the address of (pointer to) the
operand
• EA = (A)
—Look in A, find address (A) and look there for
operand
• e.g. ADD (A)
—Add contents of cell pointed to by contents of
A to accumulator
Indirect Addressing (2)
• Large address space
• 2n where n = word length
• May be nested, multilevel, cascaded
—e.g. EA = (((A)))
– Draw the diagram yourself
• Multiple memory accesses to find operand
• Hence slower
Indirect Addressing Diagram

Instruction
Opcode Address A
Memory

Pointer to operand

Operand
Register Addressing (1)
• Operand is held in register named in
address filed
• EA = R
• Limited number of registers
• Very small address field needed
—Shorter instructions
—Faster instruction fetch
Register Addressing (2)
• No memory access
• Very fast execution
• Very limited address space
• Multiple registers helps performance
—Requires good assembly programming or
compiler writing
—N.B. C programming
– register int a;
• c.f. Direct addressing
Register Addressing Diagram

Instruction
Opcode Register Address R
Registers

Operand
Register Indirect Addressing
• C.f. indirect addressing
• EA = (R)
• Operand is in memory cell pointed to by
contents of register R
• Large address space (2n)
• One fewer memory access than indirect
addressing
Register Indirect Addressing Diagram

Instruction
Opcode Register Address R
Memory

Registers

Pointer to Operand Operand


Displacement Addressing
• EA = A + (R)
• Address field hold two values
—A = base value
—R = register that holds displacement
—or vice versa
Displacement Addressing Diagram

Instruction
Opcode Register R Address A
Memory

Registers

Pointer to Operand + Operand


Relative Addressing
• A version of displacement addressing
• R = Program counter, PC
• EA = A + (PC)
• i.e. get operand from A cells from current
location pointed to by PC
• c.f locality of reference & cache usage
Base-Register Addressing
• A holds displacement
• R holds pointer to base address
• R may be explicit or implicit
• e.g. segment registers in 80x86
Indexed Addressing
• A = base
• R = displacement
• EA = A + R
• Good for accessing arrays
—EA = A + R
—R++
Combinations
• Postindex
• EA = (A) + (R)

• Preindex
• EA = (A+(R))

• (Draw the diagrams)


Stack Addressing
• Operand is (implicitly) on top of stack
• e.g.
—ADD Pop top two items from stack
and add
Instruction Formats

• The Operation code (Opcode) field which specifies the


operation to be performed.
• The Address field which contains the location of the operand,
i.e., register or memory location.
• The Mode field which specifies how the operand will be
located.
A basic computer has three instruction code formats which are:
1.Memory - reference instruction
2.Register - reference instruction
3.Input-Output instruction

You might also like