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CSE3039 Module 4 InternetProtocol

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15 views22 pages

CSE3039 Module 4 InternetProtocol

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jtrtttttttttttttttttttttt
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Acknowledgement-slides from

 Data Communications and Networking by B.


Forouzan, Fourth Edition , Mc Graw Hill,2007
Internet Protocols
Address Resolution Protocol(ARP)

 The ARP protocol is one of the auxiliary protocols defined in


the network layer, as shown in Figure
 ARP accepts an IP address from the IP protocol, maps the
address to the corresponding link-layer address, and passes
it to the data-link layer.
Internet Protocols
Address Resolution Protocol(ARP)

 Anytime a host or a router needs to find the link-


layer address of another host or router in its
network, it sends an ARP request packet.
 The packet includes the link-layer and IP addresses
of the sender and the IP address of the receiver.
 Because the sender does not know the link-layer
address of the receiver, the query is broadcast over
the link using the link-layer broadcast address,
Internet Protocols
Address Resolution Protocol(ARP)
Internet Protocols
Address Resolution Protocol(ARP)

 Every host or router on the network receives and


processes the ARP request packet, but only the
intended recipient recognizes its IP address and
sends back an ARP response packet.
 The response packet contains the recipient’s IP
and link-layer addresses.
 The packet is unicast directly to the node that
sent the request packet.
Internet Protocols
Address Resolution Protocol(ARP) - Caching

 Let us assume that there are 20 systems


connected to the network (link): system A, system
B, and 18 other systems. We also assume that
system A has 10 datagrams to send to system B in
one second.
 Without using ARP, system A needs to send 10 broadcast
frames. Each of the 18 other systems need to receive the
frames, decapsulate the frames, remove the datagram and
pass it to their network-layer to find out the datagrams do
not belong to them. This means processing and discarding
180 broadcast frames.
Internet Protocols
Address Resolution Protocol(ARP) - Caching

 Using ARP, system A needs to send only one broadcast


frame. Each of the 18 other systems need to receive the
frames, decapsulate the frames, remove the ARP message
and pass the message to their ARP protocol to find that the
frame must be discarded. This means processing and
discarding only 18 (instead of 180) broadcast frames. After
system B responds with its own data-link address, system A
can store the link-layer address in its cache memory. The
rest of the nine frames are only unicast. Since processing
broadcast frames is expensive (time consuming), the first
method is preferable.
Internet Protocols
Address Resolution Protocol(ARP)-packet format

The hardware type field defines the type of the link-layer protocol; Ethernet
is given the type 1.
The protocol type field defines the network-layer protocol: IPv4 protocol is
(0800)16.
The source hardware and source protocol addresses are variable-length fields
defining the link-layer and network-layer addresses of the sender.
The destination hardware address and destination protocol address fields define
the receiver link-layer and network-layer addresses
Internet Protocols
Address Resolution Protocol(ARP)-packet format

 A host with IP address N1 and MAC address L1


has a packet to send to another host with IP
address N2 and physical address L2 (which is
unknown to the first host). The two hosts are on
the same network. Following figure shows the
ARP request and response messages.
Internet Protocols
Address Resolution Protocol(ARP)-packet format
Internet Protocols
Address Resolution Protocol(ARP)

 Example
Internet Protocols
Address Resolution Protocol(ARP)
Internet Protocols
Address Resolution Protocol(ARP)
Internet Protocols
Address Resolution Protocol(ARP)
Internet Protocols
Address Resolution Protocol(ARP)
Internet Protocols
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - DHCP
 Address assignment in an organization can be
done automatically
 an application-layer program, using the client-
server paradigm
 Can assign permanent IP addresses to the host
and routers
 can also be configured to provide temporary, on
demand, IP addresses to hosts
Internet Protocols
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - DHCP
 In addition to its IP address, a computer also
needs to know the network prefix (or address
mask).
 Most computers also need two other pieces of
information, such as the address of a default
router to be able to communicate with other
networks and the address of a name server to be
able to use names instead of addresses
Internet Protocols
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - DHCP
 four pieces of information are normally needed:
the
 computer address,
 The prefix,
 the address of a router,
 and the IP address of a name server
Internet Protocols
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - DHCP
 DHCP Message Format
Internet Protocols
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - DHCP
 The 64-byte option field has a dual purpose. It can carry
either additional information or some specific vendor
information.
 The server uses a number, called a magic cookie, in the
format of an IP address with the value of 99.130.83.99.
When the client finishes reading the message, it looks for
this magic cookie.
 If present, the next 60 bytes are options. An option is
composed of three fields: a 1-byte tag field, a 1-byte length
field, and a variable-length value field.
 If the tag field is 53, the value field defines one of the 8
message types shown
Internet Protocols
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - DHCP
Internet Protocols
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - DHCP

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