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Chapter - 4

The document discusses fluid flow through pipes, including classifying losses as major or minor, calculating head losses using Darcy-Weisbach and Chezy's equations, and examples of minor head losses from expansions, contractions, bends and other factors. It also provides examples of problems calculating head loss and power for given pipe flows.

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30 views18 pages

Chapter - 4

The document discusses fluid flow through pipes, including classifying losses as major or minor, calculating head losses using Darcy-Weisbach and Chezy's equations, and examples of minor head losses from expansions, contractions, bends and other factors. It also provides examples of problems calculating head loss and power for given pipe flows.

Uploaded by

divakarshettyas4029
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Flow through Pipes

Module 4
Module Learning Outcomes

 Outcome No.3: Treat fluid flow in pipe network with full consideration of pipe losses.
 Estimate the fluid forces on surfaces and submerged bodies. (Outcome No.5)

 Distinguish between laminar and turbulent flow. (Outcome No.7)

 Carry out fluid flow measurements such as pressure, speed, flow rate and be familiarized with the
relevant measuring devices, transducers and measurement techniques. (Outcome No.8)

 Perform experimental work including hydrostatic force on surfaces, flow of fluid through pipes and
other topics related to the applications of fluid mechanics in mechanical engineering.(Outcome No.9)
Introduction:

The hot and cold water that we use in our homes is pumped through pipes. Water in a city is
distributed by extensive piping networks. Oil and natural gas are transported hundreds of miles
by large pipelines. Blood is carried throughout our bodies by arteries and veins. The cooling
water in an engine is transported by hoses to the pipes in the radiator where it is cooled as it
flows. Thermal energy in a hydraulic space heating system is transferred to the circulating
water in the boiler, and then it is transported to the desired locations through pipes.
Classification of Losses

 When a fluid flows through a pipe or channel, it loses some energy (or head) due to frictional
resistance and other reasons.

 These losses are classifies as:

1. Major loss

2. Minor loss

 A major loss of head is mainly due to the frictional resistance, caused by the shear forces between
the fluid particles and the boundary walls of the pipe and also due to the viscosity of the fluid.
Minor losses of head are due to the sudden change in velocity of flow in magnitude or direction .
Energy Losses

Energy Losses

Major Losses
Minor Losses
(Due to friction) Due to

Sudden expansion in Pipe

Sudden contraction in Pipe

Bend in Pipe

Obstructions in Pipe
Major head losses:
Loss of energy (or head) due to friction.

Darcy-Weisbach equation:
The loss of head (or energy) in pipes due to friction is calculated from Darcy-Weisbach equation
which is given by

 Where, hf - loss of head due to friction.


f – co-efficient of friction which is a function of Reynolds number
for Re <2000 (laminar flow)

fo for Re > 2000 (turbulent flow)


Where , L – Length of the pipe, V – Mean velocity of flow, d – Diameter of pipe
hf
l

Chezy’s formula for Loss of energy:


Minor head Losses

The minor loss of energy includes the following cases:


 Loss of head due to sudden enlargement
 Loss of head due to sudden contraction
 Loss of head at the entrance to a pipe
 Loss of head at the exit of a pipe
 Loss of head due to an obstruction in a pipe
 Loss of head due to bend in the pipe
 Loss of head in various pipe fittings
Minor head Losses
Loss of head due to sudden enlargement:
Minor head Losses
 Loss of head due to sudden contraction:

 Loss of head at the entrance of a pipe

 Loss of head at the exit of a pipe

 Loss of head due to a bend in a pipe


Power transmission through pipes:

 The pipes carrying liquids under pressure from one point to another point may be used for
transmitting hydraulic power. The transmission of power through pipes carrying water or
liquid is used for the working of hydraulic machine. The power transmitted depends upon
the discharge through the pipes and the total head of water.
 The maximum power transmitted Pmax can be written as: P = ρ g Q hf
 Where,
 w - specific weight of liquid in kN/m3
 A - Area of the pipe in m2
 v - Velocity of flow in m/s
 d - diameter of pipe in m
 f - co efficient of friction
 l – length of the pipe
Problem 1

Find the head lost due to friction in a pipe of diameter 300mm and length 50m, through which water is flowing at a
velocity of 3m/s using (a) Darcy formula (b) Chezy formula for which C= 60, Take kinematic viscosity is = 0.01stoke.
Also calculate power required to maintain the flow?

Solution:
Problem 2:
 Find the diameter of pipe of length 2000m when the rate of flow of water through the pipe is
200litres/s an the head lost due to friction is 4m. Take the value of C =50 in Chezy formula.
 Solution:
Problem 3
The rate of flow of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.25 m 3/s. The diameter of the pipe which is 200 mm
suddenly enlarged to 400 mm. The pressure intensity in the smaller pipe is 11.772 N/cm 2. Determine
(i) Loss of head due to sudden enlargement
(ii) Power lost due to enlargement.
(iii) pressure intensity in large pipe.
Problem 4
An oil sp. gr 0.7 is flowing through a pipe of diameter 300 mm at the rate of 500 litres/s. Find the head loss due to
friction and power required to maintain the flow for a length of 1000 m. Take kinematic viscosity as 0.29 stokes.
Problem : 5
Find the loss of head when a pipe of diameter 200 mm is suddenly enlarged to a diameter of 400 mm. The rate of
flow of water through the pipe is 250 liters/s.

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