First Aid

FIRST AID
Burns, Choking, Concussion, Diabetic emergency Embedded

objects, Frostbite, Head spinal injury, Hypothermia ,Heatstroke,
heat exhaustion, poisoning, seizures, stroke, unconsciousness
LIFE R KURADU
TYPES OF BURNS (1. Heat 2. Chemical 3. Electrical 4.
Radiation)
1. Do a scene survey and a primary survey

2. If there is a heat or radiation burn, cool the burn right away
(immerse it in cool water if possible)
3. If there is a chemical burn, brush off any dry powder and flush
the burn with cool water
4. If there is an electrical burn, covering area with clean, dry
dressings
5. When the pain has lessened, loosely cover the burn with a clean,
lint-free dressing. If the area is large, use a sheet
6. Give ongoing casualty care
CHOCKING
First aid for choking
1. Perform a scene survey.
2. If the casualty can cough forcefully, speak or breathe, tell them to
try to cough up the object. If a mild obstruction lasts for a few
minutes, get medical help.
3. If you think there might be a severe obstruction, check by asking,
“Are you choking?” If the casualty cannot cough forcefully, speak or
breathe, use back blows followed by abdominal thrusts to remove the
blockage.
4. Give back blows and abdominal thrusts:
6. Support the casualty and give up to five blows between the
shoulder blades using the heel of your hand.
7. If the obstruction is not cleared, step behind the casualty ready to
8. Make a fist, place it on the casualty’s abdomen at the belly button, in
line with the hip bones. Grasp the fist with the other hand and give five
forceful inward and upward abdominal thrusts.
9.If the object is not removed, repeat back blows and abdominal thrusts.
SIGNS OF HEAD AND SPINAL INJURY
Fluid from nose/ears, Deformed skull , Bruising on the
head , Bruising around the eyes (black eye) or behind the
ears , Nausea, vomiting, especially in children , Pupils are
of unequal size
Weakened or paralyzed arms and/or legs , Pain when
swallowing or moving the jaw Always suspect head/spinal
injury if the casualty is unconscious and the history is
unknown.
Skull fracture , fractures of the skull may be the result of
direct force or an indirect force that is transmitted through
the bones
If you suspect that there may be a head injury tell the casualty not to
move and get medical help. Steady and support the head with your
hands as soon as possible. Perform a primary survey.
If blood or fluid is coming from the ear canal, secure a sterile dressing
lightly over the ear, making sure fluids can drain.
Protect areas of depression, lumps, bumps, or scalp wounds where an
underlying skull fracture is suspected. Avoid pressure on the fracture
site.
Warn the casualty not to blow their nose if there is blood or fluid
coming from it. Do not restrict blood flow. Wipe away any trickling
blood to prevent it from entering the mouth, causing breathing
difficulties
Give ongoing casualty care until medical help takes over.
FIRST AID FOR CONTUSION (BRUISE)
With a contusion or bruise, blood escapes into the surrounding
tissue. Relieve the pain and reduce the swelling by using the
acronym RICE:
R – Rest
I – Immobilize
C – Cold
E – Elevate
FIRST AID FOR EMBEDDED OBJECTS
Do not remove an object embedded in a wound if possible. Removing the object will
probably result in heavier bleeding; the object can help stop bleeding. Removing it
could cause further tissue damage too, for example a barb on a fish hook
Expose the injured area and assess the wound. Check the circulation below the injury.
To stop the bleeding, put pressure around the embedded object. If the embedded
object is short, “tent” a clean dressing loosely over the object to keep the wound
clean, then place bulky dressings around the object to keep it from moving. This will
apply pressure around the wound
Secure the bulky material (dressings) in place with a narrow bandage, taking care that
pressure is not exerted on the embedded object.
Give ongoing casualty care and get medical help
FOR HYPOTHERMIA
Perform a scene survey and a primary survey
Take measures to prevent further heat loss
Give the casualty warm sweet drinks if they are conscious
Give ongoing casualty care, get medical help.
Cautions in first aid for hypothermia
Handle the casualty very gently and keep them horizontal if
possible. Cold affects the electrical impulses that make the
heartbeat. As a result, the hypothermic casualty’s heart beat is very
delicate. The heart can stop with rough handling of the casualty
FROST BITES
Gently remove the clothing from the affected part
Find a container that is large enough to hold the entire frozen part and fill this with water
that feels warm when you put your elbow in it (about 40° C)
Remove any jewellery and put the whole frozen part in the water. Keep adding warm
water to keep the water in the container at a constant temperature
Keep the part in the water until it is pink or does not improve any more
Gently dry the affected part. Put sterile dressings over wounds and between fingers or toes
Keep the part elevated and warm. Do not break any blisters that form
A deeply frostbitten extremity will be very painful as it defrosts. There will be swelling and
perhaps tissue loss. For that reason, it is best done at a medical facility.
First aid for heatstroke
Perform a scene survey and a primary survey. Lowering body
temperature is the most urgent first aid for heatstroke.
Move the casualty to a cool, shaded place
Remove outer clothing and immerse the casualty in cool water up
to the chin
When their body feels cool to touch, cover with a dry sheet. Put
the conscious casualty into the shock position and the unconscious
casualty into the recovery position.
SEIZURE AND CONVULSIONS
First aid for a seizure aims to protect the casualty from injury during convulsions and to keep the airway
open while the casualty is unconscious.
Perform a scene survey. Make the area safe—clear away objects that could cause injury.
During convulsions: Do not restrict the casualty’s movements. Protect them from injury
Carefully loosen tight clothing, especially around the neck.
Place something soft under the head.
Do not try to put anything in the mouth, between the teeth or to hold the tongue. Perform a primary survey
after convulsions are finished.
Place the unconscious casualty into the recovery position and clear any fluids from the mouth or nose.
Do a secondary survey to see if the casualty was injured during the seizure; give first aid for any injuries.
Give ongoing casualty care, monitoring breathing, keeping the casualty warm and allowing them to rest.
Don’t give the casualty any liquids during or immediately after a seizure
First aid for stroke/TIA
Perform a scene survey, then do a primary survey; perform the FAST
assessment.
Call for medical help
Place the casualty at rest in the semi-sitting position
Give nothing by mouth, especially ASA
Give ongoing care
If the casualty becomes unconscious, place them in the recovery position. If
there is paralysis, position the casualty with the paralyzed side up. This
will reduce the chance of tissue or nerve damage to the affected side.

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FIRST AID

Burns, Choking, Concussion, Diabetic emergency Embedded

1. Do a scene survey and a primary survey

Carefully loosen tight clothing, especially around the neck.

Place something soft under the head.

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