Hypersensitivity. CH 2nd
Hypersensitivity. CH 2nd
Hypersensitivity. CH 2nd
BY
Mahbob Elahi & Imtiaz Ahmad
0bjectives
• At the end of this lecture the Learners well be able
to :
• Define hypersensitivity.
• Explain types of hypersensitivity.
• Discuss causes of hypersensitivity
• Differentiate sign and symptoms of hypersensitivity
• Evaluate nursing diagnosis and interventions
Hypersensitivity
• It is defined as state of exaggerated or
inappropriate immune response to an antigen.
OR
• Over reaction of the immune system to
harmless environmental antigens.
Types of hypersensitivity
• There are four types of hypersensitivity.
• Type 1
• Type 2 mediated by humoral mechanism.
• Type 3
• Type 4 mediated by T lymphocytes.
TYPE 1
• It is also called anaphylactic reaction and is
rapidly occurring.
• It is mediated by Ig E antibodies.
• Prior sensitization is needed.
• Active chemical mediators release such as
histamine , serotonin and bradykinine.
Mechanism
• First exposure causes production of Ig E
antibodies.
• Subsequent antigen + antibody (bound to
mast cell and basophils)
•
• degranulation of mast cells and basophils.
• hypersensitivity reaction within seconds to
minutes.
Mechanism
Conti…
• The initial response is immediate reaction and
mediated by histamine.
• Histamine is the most important mediator
causing.
vasodilation
bronchospasm
increased secretion of stomach , nose
and lacrimal gland.
Example of local anaphylactic
reaction
• Skin:
• The antigen may come in contact with skin
directly or by injection (insect bite) or it may
be ingested (food).
• Contact with allergen causes immediate
reddening , swelling and itching (urticaria)
Cont...
• Lungs
• Inhalation of allergens (e.g.pollen, dust leads
to contraction of bronchial smooth muscle
resulting in acute airway obstruction and
wheezing (allergic bronchial asthma.
• Nose (hay fever or allergic rhinitis)
• Intestine (Allergic gastroenteritis)
Systemic anaphylactic reactions