Bab3 Refrigerant-3

CHAPTER 3
REFRIGERANTS
BBA 20203
TEKNOLOGI PENYEJUKBEKUAN DAN PENYAMANAN UDARA
DR. NIZAMUDDIN RAZALI
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Environmental Impact..
 Ozone Depletion
- Addressed by Montreal Protocol, 1987 (197 Countries)
- Mandatory phase out of ODS (CFC & HCFC)
 Global Warming
- Addressed by Kyoto Protocol, 1997 (192 Countries)
- Limit greenhouse gas (CO2,CH4,N20,HFC,PFC)
Ozone Depletion..
 EARTH is surrounded by a layer of

Ozone in the Stratosphere that protect life
from Sun’s Ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
 In 1970s, Studies undertaken by various
scientists revealed that released CFCs
had a damaging effect on the ozone layer.
 In 1985, “Ozone Hole” was discovered
over the Antarctica.
Ozone Depletion..
Largest Hole size
= 28.4 Mil. km²
= 89 x Malaysia
Latest Hole Size (2019)
= 16.3 Mil. km2
Ozone Layer
What are the ramifications of ozone
depletion?
 Since the ozone layer prevents most harmful UVB wavelengths
(270–315 nm) of ultraviolet light (UV light) from passing
through the Earth's atmosphere, observed and projected
decreases in ozone have generated worldwide concern
 It is suspected that a variety of biological consequences such
as…
 more melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers
 higher mutation rates
 more eye cataracts
 weakened immune systems
 reduced plant yields
 damage to ocean eco-ecosystems (kills plankton)
 damage to plastics
7
What are the Causes of Ozone Depletion?
 Destruction of ozone caused by atomic chlorine and
bromine.
 The main source of these atoms in the stratosphere is
photodissociation of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
compounds, commonly called freons, and of
bromofluorocarbon compounds known as halons.
 Used as flame retardants, fire extinguishants, refrigerants,
propellants and solvents
8
9
Ozone Depletion Potential
• Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP): a number that refers to
the amount of ozone depletion caused by a substance
• The ODP is the ratio of the impact on ozone of a chemical
compared to the impact of a similar mass of CFC-11.
10
Ozone Depleting Substances
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)
• contains: Cl, F, C
• long-lived, non-toxic, non-corrosive, and non-flammable
• High ODP
• in 1960’s used in refrigerators, air conditioners, spray cans, solvents, foams
• phase out by 1996 in developed countries
11
 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
 contains: H, Cl, F, C
 first major replacement for CFC
 ODP’s range from 0.01 - 0.1
 much less destructive but also ozone
depleting
 reduce HCFC’s by 35% by 2004 in
developed countries
 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC)
 contain: H, F, C
 do not deplete O3
12
Montreal Protocol..
 In 1987, Ozone Depletion

was addressed by the
Montreal Protocol.
 Ratified by 197 Countries
 Mandatory Phase out Management Plan for CFC & HCFC

 Gases are rated with Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) value.
 Climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels
between 2050 and 2070
Global Warming..
 Global warming is the

unusually rapid increase in
Earth’s average surface
temperature over the past
century
 Mainly due to the greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels and
cutting down carbon-absorbing forests
 The global average surface temperature rose 0.6 to 0.9 degrees Celsius
between 1906 and 2005
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Green House Gases..
Global Warming Effect..
• Climate Change
1 • Rise of Sea level
• Heat Waves
2 • Drought
• Wildfire
3 • Hurricane
• Animal Extinction
4 • Agriculture Loss
Kyoto Protocol..
 The Kyoto Protocol was

adopted in Kyoto, Japan on
11 December 1997
 Ratified by 192 countries
 Industrialized countries will reduce emissions of Carbon Dioxide,

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) and four other greenhouse gases
 Gases are rated with Global Warming Potential (GWP) value.

Kigali Amendment..
 Kigali agreement is an
amendment to Montreal
Protocol
 In the 28th meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, 197 nations have
agreed to amend the Montreal Protocol in Kigali on 15th October 2016.
 Reduce the manufacture and use of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) with phase

down plan
Ciri-ciri Refrigeran Dan Impak Kepada Alam Sekitar
Refrigeran Kump Hayat Atm. ODP GWP Kela Penggunaan

s
R11 CFC 45 1 4750 A1 Centrifugal compressors, komersil
besar
R12 CFC 100 1 10900 A1 Reciprocating comp. unit kecil
R22 HCFC 11.9 .055 1790 A1 Digunakan secara meluas untuk AC

&R
R134a HFC 13.4 0 1300 A1 Automobil
R404A HFC 16 0 3700 A1 Peti sejuk suhu rendah
R410A HFC 16 0 2100 A1 Peralatan AC
R507A HFC 130 1 3300 A1 Peti sejuk suhu rendah
R717 NH3 - 0 <1 B2L Peti sejuk Suhu rendah
R744 CO2 - 0 1 A1 Cascade (dua peringkat)
R290 HC 0.041 0 20 A3 Peti sejuk komersial
R600a HC 0.016 0 20 A3 Peti sejuk domestik
HFO1234y 0.029 0 <4.4 A2L Automobil
f
THANK
YOU

Bab3 Refrigerant-3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bab3 Refrigerant-3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bab3 Refrigerant-3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 3

 EARTH is surrounded by a layer of

Largest Hole size

= 28.4 Mil. km²

 In 1987, Ozone Depletion

 Mandatory Phase out Management Plan for CFC & HCFC

 Global warming is the

 The Kyoto Protocol was

 Ratified by 192 countries

 Industrialized countries will reduce emissions of Carbon Dioxide,

 Gases are rated with Global Warming Potential (GWP) value.

 Reduce the manufacture and use of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) with phase

Refrigeran Kump Hayat Atm. ODP GWP Kela Penggunaan

R22 HCFC 11.9 .055 1790 A1 Digunakan secara meluas untuk AC

You might also like