C++ Programming:

Program Design Including Data

Structures, Third Edition
Chapter 1: An Overview of Computers
and Programming Languages
Objectives

In this chapter you will:

• Learn about different types of computers
• Explore the hardware and software
components of a computer system
• Learn about the language of a computer
• Learn about the evolution of programming
languages
• Examine high-level programming languages
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 2
Objectives (continued)
• Discover what a compiler is and what it does
• Examine a C++ Program and explore how a
C++ program is processed
• Learn what an algorithm is and explore
problem-solving techniques
• Become aware of structured design and
object-oriented design programming
methodologies
• Become aware of Standard C++ and
ANSI/ISO Standard C++

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 3

Categories of Computers

• Mainframe computers

• Midsize computers

• Micro computers (personal computers)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 4

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

• CU (Control Unit):
− Fetches and decodes instructions

− Controls flow of information in and out of MM

− Controls operation of internal CPU components

• PC (program counter): points to next

instruction to be executed

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 5

CPU (Central Processing Unit)
(continued)

• IR (instruction register): holds instruction

currently being executed

• ALU (arithmetic logic unit): carries out all

arithmetic and logical operations

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 6

Main Memory

• Directly connected to the CPU

• All programs must be loaded into main

memory before they can be executed

• All data must be brought into main memory

before it can be manipulated

• When computer power is turned off,

everything in main memory is lost
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 8
Secondary Storage
• Secondary storage: Device that stores
information permanently
• Examples of secondary storage:
− Hard disks
− Floppy disks
− Zip disks
− CD-ROMs
− Tapes
− Flash drives
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 10
Input/Output Devices
• Input devices feed data and programs into
computers. They include:
− Keyboard
− Mouse
− Secondary storage
• Output devices display results. They include:
− Monitor
− Printer
− Secondary storage
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 11
Software

• Software: Programs that do specific tasks

• System programs take control of the
computer, such as an operating system
• Application programs perform a specific task
− Word processors
− Spreadsheets
− Games

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 12

The Language of a Computer

• Digital signals are sequences of 0s and 1s

• Machine language: language of a computer
• Binary digit (bit):
− The digit 0 or 1
• Binary code:
− A sequence of 0s and 1s
• Byte:
− A sequence of eight bits
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 13
Coding Schemes

• ASCII (American Standard Code for

Information Interchange)

− 128 characters

− A is encoded as 1000001 (66th character)

− 3 is encoded as 0110011

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 15

Coding Schemes (continued)

• EBCDIC
− Used by IBM
− 256 characters

• Unicode
− 65536 characters
− Two bytes are needed to store a character

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 16

Programming Language Evolution

• Early computers were programmed in

machine language
• To calculate wages = rates * hours in
machine language:
100100 010001 //Load
100110 010010 //Multiply
100010 010011 //Store

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 17

 Assembly Language
• Assembly language instructions are mnemonic
• Assembler: translates a program written in assembly
language into machine language

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 18

• Using the assembly language instructions, the
equation wages = rates • hours can be
written as follows:
LOAD rate
MULT hour
STOR wages
High-Level Languages

• High-level languages include Basic,

FORTRAN, COBOL, Pascal, C++, C, and
Java

• Compiler: translates a program written in a

high-level language machine language

• The equation wages = rate • hours can

be written in C++ as:

wages = rate * hours;

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 20

A C++ Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "My first C++ program." << endl;
cout << "The sum of 2 and 3 = " << 5 << endl;
cout << "7 + 8 = " << 7 + 8 << endl;
return 0;
}

Sample Run:
My first C++ program.
The sum of 2 and 3 = 5
7 + 8 = 15

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 21

Processing a Program
• To execute a program written in a high-level
language such as C++
− Use an editor to create a source program in C++
− In a C++ program, statements that begin with the symbol #
are called preprocessor directives. These statements are
processed by a program called preprocessor.
− Use the compiler to
• Check that the program obeys the rules
• Translate into machine language (object program)
− Software Development Kit (SDK) may be used to create a
program

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 22

Processing a Program (continued)

− Linker:
Combines object program with other programs
provided by the SDK to create executable code

− Loader:

• Loads executable program into main memory

− The last step is to execute the program

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 23

Problem Solving

• Programming is a process of problem solving

• Problem solving techniques
− Analyze the problem
− Outline the problem requirements
− Design steps (algorithm) to solve the problem
• Algorithm:
− Step-by-step problem-solving process
− Solution achieved in finite amount of time

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 25

Problem Solving Process
• Step 1 - Analyze the problem
− Outline the problem and its requirements
− Design steps (algorithm) to solve the problem
• Step 2 - Implement the algorithm
− Implement the algorithm in code
− Verify that the algorithm works
• Step 3 - Maintenance
− Use and modify the program if the problem
domain changes

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 26

Analyze the Problem

• Thoroughly understand the problem

• Understand problem requirements
− Does program require user interaction?
− Does program manipulate data?
− What is the output?
• If the problem is complex, divide it into
subproblems
− Analyze each subproblem as above
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 28
Design an Algorithm

• If problem was broken into subproblems

− Design algorithms for each subproblem

• Check the correctness of algorithm

− Can test using sample data

− Some mathematical analysis might be

required

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 29

Write the Code

• Once the algorithm is designed and

correctness verified

− Write the equivalent code in high-level

language

• Enter the program using text editor

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 30

Compiling and Linking

• Run code through compiler

• If compiler generates errors
− Look at code and remove errors
− Run code again through compiler
• If there are no syntax errors
− Compiler generates equivalent machine code
• Linker links machine code with system
resources
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 31
The Loader and Executing

• Once compiled and linked, loader can place

program into main memory for execution

• The final step is to execute the program

• Compiler guarantees that the program follows

the rules of the language

− Does not guarantee that the program will run

correctly

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 32

Example 1-1 - Rectangle

• Design an algorithm to find the perimeter and

area of a rectangle
• The perimeter and area of the rectangle are
given by the following formulas:

perimeter = 2 * (length + width)

area = length * width

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 33

Example 1-1

• Algorithm:
− Get length of the rectangle
− Get width of the rectangle
− Find the perimeter using the following
equation:
perimeter = 2 * (length + width)
• Find the area using the following equation:
area = length * width

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 34

Example 1-3

• Every salesperson has a base salary

• Salesperson receives $10 bonus at the end

of the month for each year worked if he or
she has been with the store for five or less
years

• The bonus is $20 for each year that he or she

has worked there if over 5 years

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 35

Example 1-3 (continued)

• Additional bonuses are as follows:

− If total sales for the month are $5,000-

$10,000, he or she receives a 3% commission
on the sale

− If total sales for the month are at least

$10,000, he or she receives a 6% commission
on the sale

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 36

Example 1-3 (continued)

• Get baseSalary
• Get noOfServiceYears
• Calculate bonus using the following formula:
if (noOfServiceYears is less than or equal to
five)
bonus = 10 * noOfServiceYears
otherwise
bonus = 20 * noOfServiceYears

• Get totalSale

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 37

Example 1-3 (continued)

• Calculate additionalBonus as follows:

if (totalSale is less than 5000)
additionalBonus = 0
otherwise
if (totalSale is greater than or equal to
5000 and totalSale is less than 10000)
additionalBonus = totalSale · (0.03)
otherwise
additionalBonus = totalSale · (0.06)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 38

 Example 1-3 (continued)

• Calculate payCheck using the equation

payCheck = baseSalary + bonus + additionalBonus

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 39

Example 1-5

• 10 students in a class
• Each student has taken five tests and each
test is worth 100 points.
• Design an algorithm to calculate the grade for
each student as well as the class average.
− Design an algorithm to find the average test score.
− Design an algorithm to determine the grade.
• Data consists of students’ names and their
test scores.

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 40

Example 1-5 (continued)

• Algorithm to determine the average test score.

1. Get the five test scores.

2. Add the five test scores. Suppose sum stands for the
sum of the test scores.
3. Suppose average stands for the average test score.
Then
average = sum / 5;

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 41

Example 1-5 (continued)
• Algorithm to determine the grade.
if average is greater than or equal to 90
grade = A
otherwise
if average is greater than or equal to 80 and
less than 90
grade = B
otherwise
if average is greater than or equal to 70 and
less than 80
grade = C
otherwise
if average is greater than or equal to 60 and
less than 70
grade = D
otherwise
grade = F
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 42
Example 1-5 (continued)
•
Main algorithm is as follows:

1. totalAverage = 0;
2. Repeat the following steps for each student in the
class.
a. Get student’s name.
b. Use the algorithm as discussed above to find the
average test score.
c. Use the algorithm as discussed above to find the grade
d. Update totalAverage by adding current student’s
average test score.
3. Determine the class average as follows:
classAverage = totalAverage / 10
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 43
Structured Programming
• Structured design:
− Dividing a problem into smaller subproblems
• Structured programming
− Implementing a structured design
• The structured design approach is also called
− Top-down design
− Stepwise refinement
− Modular programming

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 44

Object-Oriented Programming

• Identify components called objects

• Specify relevant data and possible operations
to be performed on that data
• Each object consists of data and operations
on that data
• An object combines data and operations on
the data into a single unit

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 45

Object-Oriented Programming
(continued)
• A programming language that implements
OOD is called an object-oriented
programming (OOP) language
• Learn how to represent data in computer
memory, how to manipulate data, and how to
implement operations
• Write algorithms and implement them in a
programming language

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 46

Object-Oriented Programming
(continued)
• Learn how to combine data and operations on
the data into a single unit called an object

• C++ was designed to implement OOD

• OOD is used with structured design

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 47

ANSI/ISO STANDARD C++

• C++ evolved from C

• C++ designed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell
Laboratories in early 1980s
• C++ programs were not always portable from
one compiler to another
• In mid-1998, ANSI/ISO C++ language
standards were approved

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 48

Summary

• Computer: an electronic device that can

perform arithmetic and logical operations
• Computer system has hardware and software
• Central processing unit (CPU): brain
• Primary storage (MM) is volatile; secondary
storage (e.g., disk) is permanent
• Operating system monitors the overall activity
of the computer and provides services

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 49

Summary (continued)

• Various kinds of languages, such as

machine language, assembly, high-level
• Algorithm: step-by-step problem-solving
process; solution in finite amount of time
• The problem-solving process has three
steps:
1. Analyze problem and design an algorithm
2. Implement the algorithm in code
3. Maintain the program

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 50

Summary (continued)

• Structured design:
− Problem is divided into small subproblems
− Each subproblem is solved
− Combine solutions to all subproblems

• Object-oriented design (OOD): a program is a

collection of interacting objects
• Object: data and operations on those data
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 51