Chapter One

Introductory Concepts and Definitions

Engineering Thermodynamics I
Examples
Example
1. A manometer is used to measure the pressure in a
tank. The fluid used has a specific gravity of 0.85, and
the manometer column height is 55 cm, as shown in
the figure. If the local atmospheric pressure is 96kPa,
determine the absolute pressure within the tank.
Example
2. The piston of a vertical piston–cylinder device
containing a gas has a mass of 60kg and a cross-
sectional area of 0.04m2, as shown in the figure
below. The local atmospheric pressure is 0.97bar, and
the gravitational acceleration is 9.81m/s2.
(a) Determine the pressure inside the
cylinder.
(b) If some heat is transferred to the gas
and its volume is doubled, do you
expect the pressure inside the cylinder
to change?
Example
3. A gas is contained in a vertical, frictionless
piston–cylinder device. The piston has a mass
of 4kg and a cross-sectional area of 35cm2. A
compressed spring above the piston exerts a
force of 60 N on the piston. If the atmospheric
pressure is 95kPa, determine the pressure
inside the cylinder.
 Example 2.1
Determine the saturated pressure, specific volume, internal energy and enthalpy for
saturated water vapor at 45oC and 50oC.

5
Example 2.1
Determine the saturated pressure, specific volume, internal energy
and enthalpy for saturated water vapor at 45oC and 50oC.

6
Example 2.2
Determine the saturated pressure, specific volume, internal energy
and enthalpy for saturated water vapor at 47⁰ C .

7
Example 2.2
Determine the saturated pressure, specific volume, internal energy
and enthalpy for saturated water vapor at 47⁰ C .

8
Solution:
 Extract data from steam table
T Psat v u h
45 9.5953 15.251 2436.1 2582.4
47 Psat v u h
50 12.352 12.026 2442.7 2591.3

 Interpolation for Psat

Psat  9.5953 47  45

12.352  9.5953 50  45 Interpolation Scheme for Psat
Psat @ 47  10.698 kPa

 Do the same for other values

9
143.61 sat.liq.vap mixture
2319.6 0.086094
806.00 compressed liquid

329.7492 superheated liquid

 361.53 sat.liq.vap mixture
155.46 0.001097
0.001065 compressed liquid
???? Super heated liquid
P=gp+patm

Pv=nrt

N=g/m

G in gram
 Exercises

1. Fill in the blank using R-134a

2. Determine the saturated temperature, saturated pressure and

enthalpy for water at specific volume of saturated vapor at
10.02 m3/kg .
13
 T P H S x Phase
o
C kPa kJ/kg kJ/kg.K Description
A 102 Saturated
Liquid
B 110 200
C 300 2920
D 200 2500
E 120 1 Saturated
Vapor
F 120 225
 Example 2.3 Is v  v f ? No
Determine the enthalpy of 1.5 kg of Is v f  v  v g ? Yes
water contained in a volume of 1.2 m3 Is v g  v ? No
at 200 kPa.
 Find the quality
Solution:
v  v f  x (v g  v f )
v  vf
 Specific volume for water x
vg  v f
0.8  0.001061
Volume 12. m3 m3 
v   0.8 0.8858  0.001061
mass 15
. kg kg
 0.903 (What does this mean?)
 The enthalpy
 From steam table:
h  h f  x h fg
v f  0.001061 m
3
kg
 504.7  (0.903)(2201.6)
kJ
vg  0.8858 m3
kg  2492.7
kg 15
 Example 2.4
Determine the internal energy of refrigerant-134a at a temperature
of 0C and a quality of 60%.

Solution:

 The internal energy of R

 From table : 134a at given condition:

kJ u  u f  x (u g  u f )
u f  51.63
kg  51.63  (0.6)(230.16  51.63)
kJ kJ
u g  230.16  158.75
kg kg
16
 Example 2.5

Consider the closed, rigid container of mg, Vg

water as shown. The pressure is 700 kPa,
the mass of the saturated liquid is 1.78 Sat. Vapor
kg, and the mass of the saturated vapor is
0.22 kg. Heat is added to the water until
the pressure increases to 8 MPa. Find the
final temperature, enthalpy, and internal mf, Vf
energy of the water Sat. Liquid

17
 Solution:
State 2:
 Theoretically:
v2  v1  Information :
P2  8 MPa v2  0.031 mkg
3

 The quality before pressure

increased (state 1).  From table A-5:
mg 1 m3
x1  v f,2  0.001384
m f 1  mg 1 kg vg 2  v2
m3
0.22 kg v g,2  0.02352
  0.11 kg
(1.78  0.22) kg  Since that it is in superheated
 Specific volume at state 1 region, use table A-6:
v1  v f 1  x1 (vg1  v f 1 ) T2  361.8o C
 0.001108  (0.11)(0.2728  0.001108) h2  3024 kJ
kg
m3 u2  2776 kJ
 0.031 kg
kg
18
 Exercises

1. Four kg of water is placed in an enclosed volume of 1m 3. Heat

is added until the temperature is 150°C. Find (a) the pressure,
(b)the mass of vapor, and (c) the volume of the vapor.

2. A piston-cylinder device contains 0.1 m3 of liquid water and 0.9

m3 of water vapor in equilibrium at 800 kPa. Heat is transferred
at constant pressure until the temperature reaches 350°C.
(a) what is the initial temperature of the water,
(b) determine the total mass of the water,
(c) calculate the final volume, and
(d) show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to
saturation lines. 19
 Exercises

3. For a specific volume of 0.2 m3/kg, find the quality of

steam if the absolute pressure is (a) 40 kPa and ( b )
630 kPa. What is the temperature of each case?

4. Water is contained in a rigid vessel of 5 m3 at a

quality of 0.8 and a pressure of 2 MPa. If the a
pressure is reduced to 400 kPa by cooling the vessel,
find the final mass of vapor mg and mass of liquid mf.

20
1. Determine the mass of the air in a room whose dimensions
are 4 m X 5 m X 6 m at 100 kPa and 25°C.

(R=0.287 kJ/kg. K)
2.A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.2 kg of
steam at 200 kPa and 300°C. Now, the steam is cooled
at constant pressure until it is at 150°C. Determine the
volume change of the cylinder during this process
using the ideal gas equation and compare the result to
the actual value.
 3. An ideal gas is contained in a closed assembly with an initial
pressure and temperature of 220 kPa and 70oC respectively. If
the volume of the system is increased 1.5 times and the
temperature drops to 15oC, determine the final pressure of the
gas.
Solution:

Given state 1  From ideal-gas law:

P1  220 kPa PV PV
1 1
 2 2
T1  70  273K  343 K T1 T2
V1  288 
state 2
P2   
 220  10
1.5V1  343 
3

T2  15  273  288 K
V2  1.5V1  123.15 kPa 23
 4. An automobile tire with a volume of 0.6 m 3 is
inflated to a gage pressure of 200 kPa. Calculate the
mass of air in the tire if the temperature is 20°C.

Solution:
 From ideal-gas law:
Given
PV
m
state1 RT

P  200  100 kPa 

300  103 N
m3 0.6m  2

287 kgNm. K  293K 

T  20  273K  293 K
 2.14 kg 24
 Problems
1. The pressure in an automobile tire depends on the temperature of the air in
the tire. When the air temperature is 25°C, the pressure gage reads 210 kPa.
If the volume of the tire is 0.025 m3, determine the pressure rise in the tire
when the air temperature in the tire rises to 50°C. Also, determine the
amount of air that must be bled off to restore pressure to its original value at
this temperature. Assume the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa.
[ 26 kPa, 0.007 kg]

2. A 1-m3 tank containing air at 25°C and 500 kPa is connected through a valve
to another tank containing 5 kg of air at 35°C and 200 kPa. Now the valve is
opened, and the entire system is allowed to reach thermal equilibrium with
the surroundings, which are at 20°C. Determine the volume of the second
tank and the final equilibrium pressure of air.
[ 2.21 m3, 284.1 kPa]
25
3. A 1 m3 rigid tank has propane at 100 kPa, 300 K and
connected by a valve to another tank of 0.5 m3 with
propane at 250 kPa, 400 K. The valve is opened and the
two tanks come to a uniform state at 325 K. What is the
final pressure?
[ 139.9 kPa]
4. A cylindrical gas tank 1 m long, inside diameter of 20 cm,
is evacuated and then filled with carbon dioxide gas at
25°C. To what pressure should it be charged if there
should be 1.2 kg of carbon dioxide?
[ 2152 kPa]
26