Introduction to Power System Protection
Lecture-1
Bhupendra Kumar
Electrical Engineering Department, BIET Jhansi
Subject: KEE-601 : Power System-II
Introduction
A protective relay is a device designed to trip a circuit breaker
when the fault is detected
Protective relays were electromagnetic device
It is operating on moving parts to provide detection of abnormal
condition
Basic Elements of relay
Sensing elements- sometimes also called the measuring
elements, responds to the change in the actuating quantity,
the current in a protected system in case of over-current
relay.
Comparing elements- serves to compare the action of the
actuating quantity on the relay with a pre-selected relay
setting.
Control elements- on a pick up of the relay, accomplishes a
sudden change in the control quantity such as closing of the
operating current circuit.
Operating principle of General relay
Desirable Qualities of Protective Relaying
Reliability and Simplicity
Selectivity and Discrimination
Sensitivity
Speed of Operation
Economy
Basic Terminology
Protective Relay- A protective relay is a device designed to trip a
circuit breaker when the fault is detected.
Energizing Quantity- It is an electrical quantity, i.e., current or
voltage required for the operation of the relay.
Setting- It is an actual value of the energizing or characteristics
quantity at which the relay is designed to operate.
Pick-up- A relay is said to pick up when it moves from the off
position to the on position or the operation of the relay is called the
relay pick-up.
Drop-out or Reset level- This is the value of current or voltage
etc. below which a relay opens its contacts and comes back to
its original position.
Flag or Target- It is a visual device, usually spring-or gravity-
operated, for indicating the operation of a relay.
Fault Clearing Time- Time elapsed between the instant of
occurrence of fault and the instant of final arc extinction in the
circuit breaker is called the fault clearing time.
Breaker Time- Time interval between closure of trip circuit and
final arc extinction in circuit breaker is called the breaker time.
Relay time- The interval between occurrence of fault and
closure of relay contacts is called the relay time.
Over-reach- The tendency of the relay to operate at impedances
larger than its setting is known as overreach.
Under-reach- The extra impedance introduced by an arc into
the fault loop affect the distance measured by the relay and
causes it to under-reach. Under-reach is just reverse of over-
reach.
Classification
Relay may be classified as to which kind of physical quantity the
sensing element respond to may be classed as
Electrical ( actuated by some electrical quantity such as current,
voltage, power etc.)
Mechanical (actuated by pressure, velocity of outflow of a liquid
or gas etc. )
Thermal (actuated by heating) etc.
In power system protective relaying, the most widely applied
are electrical type relays.
Classified into two categories
Electromagnetic relays
Static relays.
According to the principle of operation and construction
Electromagnetic attraction, Electromagnetic induction,
Electrodynamic, Moving coil, Electro-thermal, etc.
According to application
Overvoltage, Overcurrent and Overpower Relay
Under-voltage, Under-current and Under-power Relay
Directional or Reverse Current Relay
Differential Relay
Distance Relay
According to timing
Instantaneous Relays
Definite Time Lag Relays
Inverse-Time Lag Relays
Inverse-Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Lag Relays.
Protection Zone
In order to provide selectivity to the system it is usual practice
to divide the entire system into several protection zone.
A part of the system protected by a certain protective scheme is
called a protective zone or zone of protection.
The entire power system is covered y several protective zones
and no part of the system is left unprotected.
The protection zone usually contains one or the most two
elements of the power system.
Overlapping one of Protection
Need for the protection
The power system must maintain acceptable operation 24 hours a
day
Voltage and frequency must stay within certain limits
Protect the public
Improve system stability
Minimize damage to equipment
Protect against overloads
.
.
Thanks
