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Introduction To Power System Protection

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13 views

Introduction To Power System Protection

Uploaded by

Shubhangi tiwari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Introduction to Power System Protection

Lecture-1

Bhupendra Kumar
Electrical Engineering Department, BIET Jhansi
Subject: KEE-601 : Power System-II
Introduction

 A protective relay is a device designed to trip a circuit breaker


when the fault is detected
 Protective relays were electromagnetic device
 It is operating on moving parts to provide detection of abnormal
condition
Basic Elements of relay
 Sensing elements- sometimes also called the measuring
elements, responds to the change in the actuating quantity,
the current in a protected system in case of over-current
relay.
 Comparing elements- serves to compare the action of the
actuating quantity on the relay with a pre-selected relay
setting.
 Control elements- on a pick up of the relay, accomplishes a
sudden change in the control quantity such as closing of the
operating current circuit.
Operating principle of General relay
Desirable Qualities of Protective Relaying
 Reliability and Simplicity
 Selectivity and Discrimination
 Sensitivity
 Speed of Operation
 Economy
Basic Terminology

 Protective Relay- A protective relay is a device designed to trip a


circuit breaker when the fault is detected.
 Energizing Quantity- It is an electrical quantity, i.e., current or
voltage required for the operation of the relay.
 Setting- It is an actual value of the energizing or characteristics
quantity at which the relay is designed to operate.
 Pick-up- A relay is said to pick up when it moves from the off
position to the on position or the operation of the relay is called the
relay pick-up.
 Drop-out or Reset level- This is the value of current or voltage
etc. below which a relay opens its contacts and comes back to
its original position.
 Flag or Target- It is a visual device, usually spring-or gravity-
operated, for indicating the operation of a relay.
 Fault Clearing Time- Time elapsed between the instant of
occurrence of fault and the instant of final arc extinction in the
circuit breaker is called the fault clearing time.
 Breaker Time- Time interval between closure of trip circuit and
final arc extinction in circuit breaker is called the breaker time.
 Relay time- The interval between occurrence of fault and
closure of relay contacts is called the relay time.
 Over-reach- The tendency of the relay to operate at impedances
larger than its setting is known as overreach.
 Under-reach- The extra impedance introduced by an arc into
the fault loop affect the distance measured by the relay and
causes it to under-reach. Under-reach is just reverse of over-
reach.
Classification
 Relay may be classified as to which kind of physical quantity the
sensing element respond to may be classed as
 Electrical ( actuated by some electrical quantity such as current,
voltage, power etc.)
 Mechanical (actuated by pressure, velocity of outflow of a liquid
or gas etc. )
 Thermal (actuated by heating) etc.
 In power system protective relaying, the most widely applied
are electrical type relays.
 Classified into two categories
 Electromagnetic relays
 Static relays.
 According to the principle of operation and construction
 Electromagnetic attraction, Electromagnetic induction,
Electrodynamic, Moving coil, Electro-thermal, etc.
According to application
 Overvoltage, Overcurrent and Overpower Relay
 Under-voltage, Under-current and Under-power Relay
 Directional or Reverse Current Relay
 Differential Relay
 Distance Relay
According to timing

 Instantaneous Relays
 Definite Time Lag Relays
 Inverse-Time Lag Relays
 Inverse-Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Lag Relays.
Protection Zone
 In order to provide selectivity to the system it is usual practice
to divide the entire system into several protection zone.
 A part of the system protected by a certain protective scheme is
called a protective zone or zone of protection.
 The entire power system is covered y several protective zones
and no part of the system is left unprotected.
 The protection zone usually contains one or the most two
elements of the power system.
Overlapping one of Protection
Need for the protection
 The power system must maintain acceptable operation 24 hours a
day
 Voltage and frequency must stay within certain limits
 Protect the public
 Improve system stability
 Minimize damage to equipment
 Protect against overloads
 .
 .
 Thanks

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