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Chapter 2

This document defines processes and process variables. It classifies processes as steady-state or unsteady-state and continuous, batch, or semi-batch. It also defines process units, streams, flow diagrams, and the key variables of amounts, compositions, and conditions. Amount variables include mass, volume, moles, and flow rates. Composition variables include mole percent and concentration.

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129 views19 pages

Chapter 2

This document defines processes and process variables. It classifies processes as steady-state or unsteady-state and continuous, batch, or semi-batch. It also defines process units, streams, flow diagrams, and the key variables of amounts, compositions, and conditions. Amount variables include mass, volume, moles, and flow rates. Composition variables include mole percent and concentration.

Uploaded by

abdisahurisa24
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter Two: Processes And Process Variables

2.1. Processes
2.1.1. Definition of a Process

 A process is any operation or series of operations by


which a particular objective is accomplished.

 In chemical engineering, we address those operations


that cause a physical and/or chemical change in a
substance or mixture of substances.

 The material that enters a process is referred to as the


input or feed; and that which leaves is the output or
product.
Definition of a process…
 It is common for processes to consist of multiple
steps, each of which is carried out in a process unit,
and each process unit has associated with it a set of
input and output process streams.
Recycle Splitter Purge
To flare

Feed R-01 DC-01


Mixer

Product

H-01
Definition of a process…

To flare

Feed Black Box


Operation

Product
2.1.2 Classification of Processes

A. Based on how the process varies with time

i. Steady-state process: is one that does not change with


time - the variables have the same values every time.
ii. Unsteady-state/Transient process: is one that changes
with time. Variables have different values at every
interval of time.
Classification of Processes…
B. Based on how the process is built to operate
i. A Continuous process - is a process that has the feed streams
and product streams moving materials into and out of the
process all the time. At every instant, the process is fed and
product is produced.
ii. A Batch process - is a process where the feed streams are
fed to get it started and is then processed through various
process steps and the finished products are created during
one or more of the steps.
Classification of Processes…
iii. A Semi-batch process (also called semi-continuous) - is a
process that has some characteristics continuous and batch
processes.

2.1.3 Process Flow Diagram (PFD)


 A Process Flow Diagram (flowchart): is a diagram that
completely represents a process i.e., it includes the
process units, process streams & process variables.

 Process Unit: Each steps of a process can be thought


of as a process unit or unit operation.
2.1.4 Process Streams

Process Streams:
 Are Input and output of a process unit.
 Are lines representing movement of material to and/or from
process units. The streams are labeled with information of
the components.

Process Process Process Process Process


Stream Unit Stream Unit Stream
2.2. PROCESS VARIABLES

2.2.1. Definition of process variables


Process Variables are variables which characterize the
streams entering and leaving a process unit.

2.2.2. Classification of process variables


Process variables include:
I. Amounts: mass, volume, moles, mass flow rate,
volume flow rate & molar flow rate
II. Composition: mole%, wt%, ratio, concentration
III. Conditions: Pressure, Temperature, etc
2.2.3. AMOUNTS
2.2.3.1 Mass and Volume
 From the mass and volume of a substance, we can
determine the density, .
Density () = mass
volume

 An important quantity associated with density is the specific


gravity, SG.

Specific Gravity (SG)= density


ref. density
Mass and Volume…
 The most commonly used reference density for solids
and liquids is water at 4oC, which has the following
values:
Value System
1.000g/cm3 CGS

1000kg/m3 SI

62.43 Ibm/ft3 AES

 If you need to find the density, just multiply the SG of a


material with above value.
Mass and Volume…
Example: Mass, volume and density

 A solid has a specific gravity of 0.50. What is its


density in g/cm3 and Ibm/ft3? What is the mass of 3.0
cm3 of this solid? What volume is occupied by 18g?
Solution:  1.000 g  g
 solid  (0.50) 3   0.50
 cm  cm 3
 62.43Ibm  Ibm
 solid  (0.50) 3
  31.2 3
 ft  ft

msolid  
 0.50 g 
3

 3cm 3
 1 .5 g
 cm 
Voccupied = 18 g cm3 = 36 cm3
0.50 g
2.2.3.2 Mass & Volume Flow Rates
 Based on the process classification, we know that a process
involves movement of material between two points.
 The rate at which material is transported through a process
line is the flow rate.
 The flow rate may be expressed as a mass flow rate, ṁ
•
(mass/time) or as a volumetric flow rate, v (volume per unit
time)
 Both quantities depend on each other as follows:
mass flow rate
density 
volumetric flow rate
 Therefore, if the fluid’s density is known, its mass flow rate can be
calculated given its corresponding volumetric flow rate.
Mass & Volume Flow Rates…
Answer the following questions:
1. The mass flow rate of n-hexane (ρ = 0.659 g/cm3) in a pipe is 6.59
g/s. What is its volumetric flow rate?

2. The volumetric flow rate of CCl4 (ρ = 1.595 g/cm3) in a pipe is 100.0


cm3/min. Calculate its mass flow rate.

3. Suppose a gas is flowing in a cone-shape pipe.


IN OUT

How do the mass flow rate of the gas at the inlet and outlet compare?
If the density is constant, how do the volumetric flow rates at these
two points compare? What if the density decreases from inlet to
outlet?
Mass & Volumetric Flow Rate…

Example: Mass & Volume flow rates


A steadily flowing system of water is funneled into a graduated cylinder for
exactly 30s, during which time 50 mL is collected. What is the volumetric
flow rate of the stream per minute? The mass flow rate?

•
v = 50 mL 60 s = 100 mL
30 s min min

•
m = 100 mL 1 cm3 1.0 g = 100 g
min 1 mL cm3 min
2.2.3.3. Moles, Molecular Weight and molar flow rate

• Molecular weight = sum of atomic weights

• Basis: atomic weight of 12C = 12 (exactly)

• Atomic weight of naturally occurring C = 12.01115

• E.g. Atomic oxygen, O, MW = 16

Molecular oxygen, O2, MW = 32

• 1gram-mol = 6.023 x 1023 molecules


(Avogadro’s number)
Moles, Molecular Weight & Molar Flow Rate…
• One Mole of FeS has a molecular weight of 88 - means that one g-mole of
FeS is 88 g.
• Quick questions:

 Do one mole of Fe and one mole of S have the same no. of


molecules/atoms? YES / NO

 Do one mole of Fe and one mole of S have the same weight? YES /
NO
mass
No. of moles 
molecular weight
. .
n = m/M and n m
M
Moles, Molecular Weight & Molar Flow Rate…

Example: Conversion between mass and moles.

How many of each of the following are contained in


100.0 g of CO2 (M = 44.0)?

1. mol CO2 5. mol O2


2. lb-moles CO2 6. g O
3. mol C 7. g O2
4. mol O
Moles, Molecular Weight & Molar Flow Rate…

Solution :

1. 100.0 g CO2 1 mol CO2


= 2.273 mol CO2
44.0 g CO2

2. 2.273 mol CO2 1 lb-mole


= 5.011 x 10-3 lb-mole CO2
453.6 mol

3. 2.273 mol CO2 1 mol C


= 2.273 mol C
1 mol CO2

4. 2.273 mol CO2 2 mol O


= 4.546 mol O
1 mol CO2
Moles, Molecular Weight & Molar Flow Rate…

Solution

5. 2.273 mol CO2 1 mol O2


= 2.273 mol O2
1 mol CO2

6. 4.546 mol O 16.0 g O


= 72.7 g O
1 mol O

7. 2.273 mol O2 32.0 g O2


= 72.7 g O2
1 mol O2

 The point is to understand that a chemical formula


“tells” us how many moles (NOT mass) of an element
and/or molecule are contained in a substance.

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