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Compressible Flow Lecture 1 - Sound Waves

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29 views18 pages

Compressible Flow Lecture 1 - Sound Waves

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mohammad.mehdi2011.ma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Fluid Mechanics

ENGD2107 D

Compressible flow- Lecture (1)


By: Dr. Abdalellah Mohmmed
Contents
• Introduction
• Sound waves Lecture 1
– One Dimensional Sound Waves
– Flow classification

• Isentropic flow
– The Stagnation state
– Critical values
– Isentropic flow through convergent-divergent nozzles

• Normal shock waves


– Qualitative description
– Entropy rise across a shock
– Mach number relations

• 2D waves
– Oblique shocks
– Prandtl-Meyer expansions
– Supersonic aerofoils
Revision of basic concepts
Perfect gas relations

Symbol Parameter Formula

p pressure

u internal u = cvT
energy
h = u+pv enthalpy h = cpT

s entropy q = Tds
Revision of basic concepts
Table of values

Symbol Value

cp 1005kJ (kgK)-1

cv 718kJ (kgK)-1

R 287kJ (kgK)-1

ϒ 1.4
Revision of basic concepts
Entropy changes and isentropic relations
• Entropy changes
• Tds = dq = du + pdv = cvT + pdv
• Tds = dh - vdp = cpT - vdp
• ΔS = ∫cvdT/T - ∫(R/ρ)dρ = cvln(T2/T1) - Rln(ρ2/ρ1)
• ΔS = ∫cpdT/T - ∫(R/p)dp = cpln(T2/T1) - Rln(p2/p1)
• Isentropic relationships:
Revision of basic concepts
Continuity:

Momentum:

Steady Flow Energy Equation:


Introduction to Compressible flow

 Compressible flows are frequently encountered in devices


that involve the flow of gases at very high speeds.

 Compressible flow combines fluid dynamics and


thermodynamics in that both are necessary to the
development of the required theoretical back-
ground.

 Size of density change depends upon


flow speed
Introduction to Compressible flow

Changes in Momentum
Continuity velocity

Changes in Changes in
density pressure
Introduction to Compressible flow
Introduction to Compressible flow
 Similar to relationship between pressure and velocity in
open channel flows

 Situation analogous to open channel flow with sound waves


rather than surface waves

Sound waves

Sound waves
Pressure increases

Upstream information only if flow speed


< speed of sound
Sound waves
Stationary frame
For more information about relative frames please see Maths video
Sound waves
Relative frame
Sound waves
Momentum:

Continuity:

Hence:

Strong waves travel faster


than weak waves
One dimensional sound waves

 Thus the propagation speed depends upon


the thermodynamic nature of the
propagation.
 Suppose the propagation is isothermal:

This give a sound speed of about 288ms-1


At this speed there would be insufficient time for the
heat transfer required to keep T constant.
In practice, the sound waves propagate isentropically.
One dimensional sound waves

 This gives a sound speed of around 344ms-1 at


room temperature
 This agrees well with experiment
 Liquids are nearly incompressible so the speed of
sound is considerably higher
 Typically values for gases:
Air 344ms-1
Helium 1000ms-1
CO2 266ms-1
Flow Classification
 Like surface waves in open channel flow, sound
waves are convected by the mean flow
 Hence the speed relative to the sound speed is an
important parameter.
 This non-dimensional parameter is called the Mach
number, M = U/c
 Significance similar to the Froude number in open-
channel flow.
M<1 subsonic
M=1 sonic
M>1 supersonic
Flow Classification
 We shall see that the Mach number controls the
compressibility of the flow.
 It is, therefore, useful to extend the classification, as
follows:
M < 0.3 Incompressible
Compressible
0.3 < M < 0.8
subsonic flow
M=1 Sonic
0.8 < M < 1.2 Transonic
1.2 < M < 3 Supersonic
M>3 Hypersonic

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