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Ellipse 4

The document discusses equations related to ellipses, including the standard equation of the normal to an ellipse at a given point and equations for associated lines like tangents and chords. Examples are provided to demonstrate finding equations of normals, loci, and proving properties of related geometric objects.

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APS Apoorv prakash singh
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36 views24 pages

Ellipse 4

The document discusses equations related to ellipses, including the standard equation of the normal to an ellipse at a given point and equations for associated lines like tangents and chords. Examples are provided to demonstrate finding equations of normals, loci, and proving properties of related geometric objects.

Uploaded by

APS Apoorv prakash singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ellipse

Normal
 Let us consider x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1

At point P(x1, y1): Tangent is xx1/a2 + yy1/b2 = 1

mt = (–b2x1/y1a2)

 mn = (a2y1)/(b2x1) at a point P(x1,y1)

Normal: y–y1 = m(x–x1)

 y–y1 = [(a2y1)/(b2x1)](x–x1)

Solving, this reduces to a2x/x1 – b2y/y1 = a2 – b2


Normal
 The standard equation of normal at (x1,y1) is:

a2x/x1 – b2y/y1 = a2 – b2

 This equation is to remembered

 It is valid for both cases: a > b and b > a


Normal
 The standard equation is a2x/x1 – b2y/y1 = a2 – b2

Put P(x1,y1) as (acosα,bsinα)

 a2x/acosα – b2y/bsinα = a2 – b2

 axsec(α) – bycosec(α) = a2–b2


Example
 The eccentricity of an ellipse whose center is at origin is 1/2. If one
of its directrices is x = –4, then the equation of the normal to it at
(1,3/2) is?

e = ½ and directrix is x = –4

 a/(1/2) = 4

a=2

Using, b2 = a2(1–e2), b = √3

 Ellipse is x2/4 + y2/3 = 1


Example contd.
 The equation of normal is: a2x/x1 – b2y/y1 = a2 – b2

Putting (1, 3/2) in this and solve:

Normal: 4x–2y = 1
Example
 The normal at a point P on the ellipse x2+4y2 = 16 meets X axis at Q

 If M is the mid point of PQ, find the locus of M

 Normal at P(acosα,bsinα) is axsec(α) – bycosec(α) = a2–b2

 4xsec(α) – 2ycosec(α) = 12 —(1)

Point of intersection of normal and x-axis ‘Q’: x = 3cosα

Since P is (4cosα,2sinα) and Q is (3cosα,0)

 M is (7/2cosα, sinα)
Example contd.
Let M (7/2cosα, sinα) be (h,k)

 h = (7/2) cosα, k = sinα

Using sin2α + cos2α = 1:

4h2/49 + k2 = 1

 4h2 + 49k2 = 49

Locus is 4x2 + 49y2 = 49


Example
 Find the equation of the normals at the end of latera recta and
prove that each passes through an end of the minor axis if e4 = 1–
e2

End point of LR: L(ae,b2/a)

We need to prove normal from (ae,b2/a) passes through (0,–b) if e4 =


1–e2

Normal at L: a2x/ae – b2y/(b2/a) = a2–b2

 Normal from L: ax/e – ay = a2–b2


Example contd.
 Normal from L: ax/e – ay = a2–b2

This passes through (0,–b)

 ab = a2–b2

Divide both sides by a2

 b/a = 1 – (b/a)2

 b/a = e2 (Square both sides because b2/a2 = 1–e2)

 b2/a2 = 1–e2 = e4
Equations of Associated Lines
 We have studied the equations of various line segments
in circles, and they have the same equation in ellipse:

1. Chord of Contact: T = 0

2. Pair of Tangents: SS1 = T2

3. Chord with given Midpoint: T = S1


Example
 Tangents are drawn from P(3,4) to ellipse x2/9 + y2/4 = 1
touching the ellipse at A and B.

Find the locus of the point whose


distance from P and line AB is equal

Also find orthocenter of ∆PAB

Since P(3,4) is just above one end of major axis, A is (3,0)


Example contd.
AB is chord of contact from (3,4)

 AB: T = 0

i.e., 3x/9 + 4y/4 = 1

 AB: x+3y–3 = 0

Solve x+3y–3 = 0 with x2/9 + y2/4 = 1 to get B(–9/5, 8/5)


Example contd.
 Line perpendicular through B and perpendicular to PA is
y = 8/5

Line perpendicular to AB
passing through P is 3x–y = 5

So, orthocenter is their point


of intersection

 H: (11/5, 8/5)
Example
 A tangent to x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1 meets x2/a + y2/b = a+b in
the points P and Q. Then prove that tangents at P and Q
are mutually perpendicular

The Ellipse are:

x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1 —(1)

x2/a(a+b) + y2/b(a+b) = 1 —(2)

The denominators in (2) > (1), so ellipse (2) will be larger


Example contd.
 We need to prove PA⊥PB

For ellipse (2):

x2/a(a+b) + y2/b(a+b) = 1

Director Circle has equation:

x2 + y2 = (a+b)2, and if A lies on the director circle, PA⊥PB

We shall write equation of PQ in two separate forms and compare


Example contd.
 PQ is chord of contact from A

So, PQ has the equation of tangent

 PQ: xh/a(a+b) + yk/b(a+b) = 1

Express PQ in y = mx+c form:

 y = –[h/a(a+b)][(a+b)b/k]x + b(a+b)/k

 y = (–hb/ak)x + b(a+b)/k
Example contd.
 PQ is also the tangent to Ellipse 1, so, c2 = a2m2 + b2

From Chord of Contact relation:

PQ: y = (–hb/ak)x + b(a+b)/k


 b2(a+b)2/k2 = a2.(h2b2)/a2k2 + b2

 h2+k2 = a2+b2

Therefore, (h,k) lies on the director circle of 2nd ellipse


Example
 Find the locus of mid points of chords which are drawn
through the positive ends of minor axis

Equation of chord with P as


the midpoint is T = SP

Also, it passes through (0,b)


Example contd.
 BC is T = SP: xh/a2 + yk/b2 – 1 = h2/a2 + k2/b2 – 1

(0,b) satisfies BC

 bk/b2 = h2/a2 + k2/b2


Diameter
 For an ellipse, it is a chord passing through the center

 The standard definition of diameter is that it is the locus


of middle points of a system of parallel
chords with slope m
 AB: T = S1 with M as mid point
Diameter
 Equation of AB: T = S1 and also AB has slope m

 xh/a2 + yk/b2 – 1 = h2/a2 + k2/b2 – 1

 Slope of AB= m = (–b2/a2).(h/k)

 k = (–b2/a2m)h

Therefore, locus of M is given by:

y = (–b2/a2m)x
2 2
Diameter
 Equation of diameter is y = (–b2/a2m)x

 y/x = (–b2/a2m)

 if slope of AB is m1

Slope of diameter is:

mdiameter = (–b2/a2m1)
A(h,k)

P T Q

x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1
x2/a + y2/b = a+b

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