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Complex Numbers

The document discusses complex numbers, which contain both real and imaginary parts. It defines i as the square root of -1 and covers topics like the algebra of complex numbers, conjugates, and plotting complex numbers on an Argand plane.

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APS Apoorv prakash singh
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37 views23 pages

Complex Numbers

The document discusses complex numbers, which contain both real and imaginary parts. It defines i as the square root of -1 and covers topics like the algebra of complex numbers, conjugates, and plotting complex numbers on an Argand plane.

Uploaded by

APS Apoorv prakash singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex Numbers

Universe of Numbers

Natural Whole Integers Rational Real Complex


Numbers Numbers Numbers Numbers Numbers

N W I Q R Z
Complex Numbers?
 Complex Numbers contain an imaginary part ‘i’

Consider the quadratic expression:

x2+1 = 0

Both its roots are √(-1)

Whenever there is a ‘-’ sign inside a root, it is an imaginary


number
What is i?
 i is defined as √(-1)

So, √(-16) would be written as 4i


Purely Real and Purely
Imaginary
 Complex Numbers are expressed as Z = x+iy

The part ‘x’ is purely real

The part ‘iy’ is purely imaginary

Condition for Z to be purely real: y = 0

Condition for Z to be purely imaginary: x = 0


Argand Plane
 This is the plane used for plotting complex numbers
Algebra of Complex
Numbers
 Multiplication of Complex Expressions:

Solve: (1+i)(7-2i)

 1(7-2i) + i(7-2i)

 7-2i + 7i – 2i2

 7-2i+7i+2 (since i2 = -1)

 9+5i
Powers of i
 i = √(-1)

i2 = -1

i3 = i2.i = -i

i4 = (-1)2 = 1

i5 = i4.i = i (same as i1)

Note: i4n = 1
Example

 Find i27

i27 = i24.i3

i24 = 1 (i4n = 1)

 i27 = 1.i3 = -i
Example
 Find i1 + i2 + i3 + ... + i502

We know that the powers of i are cyclic

Find the sum of the first cycle from i to i4

i + i2 + i3 + i4 = i -1 – i + 1 = 0

Sum of one cycle = 0

i1 + i2 + i3 + ... + i502 = 125 such cycles + i501 + i502 = i - 1


Equality of Complex
Numbers
 If two complex numbers are equal:

a+ib = c+id

a = c

b = d

The real and imaginary parts are equal


Mathematical Operations
 If product of two numbers Z1Z2 = 0

Then at least one of them is 0


 If Z1/Z2 = 0

Then Z1 = 0

 Inequality has no meaning for complex numbers, it is only


valid of purely real

 The statement 5+3i > 1+i is meaningless, this is absurd


Inequality
 Why can’t we compare numbers based on their distance from
origin?

Since |5+2i| > |2+i| why can’t we say that 5+2i > 2+i

This is because such comparisons lead to errors in equality

For example, 3+4i and 4+3i would then both be equal because
distance from origin is 5 unit for both these numbers

However, they are obviously unequal numbers


Conjugate of Z
 If Z = x+iy

Then its conjugate Z is x-iy

Just reverse the sign of imaginary part

So, the conjugate of (3+4i) would be (3-4i)

Note: Conjugate of conjugate would be the original number


Geometrical Interpretation
 The conjugate of an imaginary number is its reflection
about the X-axis
 The x coordinates are the same for
A and B
 The y coordinates are
reversed
 Absolute value is unchanged

i.e., |Z| = |Z|


Example
 Write the conjugate of conjugate of 3-7i

The conjugate of 3-7i = 3+7i

Conjugate of 3+7i = 3-7i


Example
 Find the sum of 3+7i and its conjugate

The conjugate is 3-7i

(3+7i) + (3-7i) = 6

So, the sum of a number and its conjugate is 2(Real part)

For adding or subtracting complex numbers, we


separately deal with their real and imaginary parts
Example
 Subtract the conjugate of (4-5i) from itself

Conjugate of 4-5i = 4+5i

4-5i – (4+5i) = -10i

 A number – its conjugate = 2(Imaginary Part)


Examples
 Multiply (3+2i) and (5–4i)

(3+2i)(5–4i) = 5(3+2i) – 4i(3+2i)

= 15+10i – 12i – 8i2

= 23–2i
Conjugate on Argand
Plane
 The X coordinate remains the same

 The Y coordinate becomes negative

Ex. Plot the conjugate of 5+2i on arg. Plane

Conjugate is a reflection about X axis


Conjugates
 The conjugates for Z1 and Z2

Conjugate for (Z1+Z2) is Z1 + Z2

Conjugate for (Z1–Z2) is Z1 – Z2

Conjugate for (Z1Z2) is Z1Z2

Conjugate for (Z1 ÷ Z2) is Z1 ÷ Z2


Example
 Solve: Z2 = Z

Let Z be a+ib and Z be a–ib

 a2–b2+2iab = a–ib

 (a2–b2) = a —(1)

 2ab = –b —(2)

From (2), b(2a+1) = 0, i.e., b = 0 or a = –1/2


Example contd.
(a2–b2) = a —(1)

2ab = –b —(2)

From (2), b = 0 or a = –1/2

Putting b = 0 in (1), a = 0, 1

Putting a = –1/2 in (1), b = ±√3/2

Therefore, there are four combinations for Z (a,b):

(0,0), (1,0), (–1/2, √3/2), (–1/2, –√3/2)

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