Scribd
Upload
8 views16 pages

Complex 4

The document discusses complex numbers and various ways of representing them including algebraic, trigonometric, polar and exponential forms. It provides examples and proofs of properties such as addition, multiplication, conjugates and powers of complex numbers expressed in exponential form.

Uploaded by

APS Apoorv prakash singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views16 pages

Complex 4

The document discusses complex numbers and various ways of representing them including algebraic, trigonometric, polar and exponential forms. It provides examples and proofs of properties such as addition, multiplication, conjugates and powers of complex numbers expressed in exponential form.

Uploaded by

APS Apoorv prakash singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Complex Numbers

Representing Complex Numbers


 There are many ways of expressing complex numbers:

1. Algebraic: Z = a+ib

2. Trigonometric/Polar form: Z = r(cosθ+ isinθ)

3. Exponential Form: Z = reiθ


Trigonometric
 If P is the complex number Z

 |Z| = r

 Arg(Z) = θ

Z = r(cosθ+isinθ)

This is also expressed as rCiSθ

CiSθ is cosθ + isinθ


Trigonometric
 If Z = rCiS(θ), then Z = rCiS(–θ)

i.e., Z = r(cosθ+isinθ)

Then Z = r(cosθ–isinθ)

= r(cos(–θ)+isin(–θ))

= rCiS(–θ)
Trigonometric
 1/CiS(θ) = CiS(–θ)

Proof: 1/CiS(θ) = 1/(cosθ+isinθ)

= (cosθ–isinθ)/(cos2θ+sin2θ)

= cosθ–isinθ= cos(–θ) + isin(–θ)

= CiS(–θ)
Trigonometric
 CiS(α)CiS(β) = [cos(α)+isin(α)][cos(β)+isin(β)]

 cos(α)cos(β)–sin(α)sin(β) +
i[sin(α)cos(β)+cos(α)sin(β)]

 Cos(α+β)+isin(α+β)

= CiS(α+β)

Therefore, CiS(α)CiS(β) = CiS(α+β)


Trigonometric
 Generalizing the results so far:

 CiS(A)CiS(B)CiS(C)/CiS(P)CiS(Q)CiS(R) is given by:

CiS(A+B+C–P–Q–R)

Similarly, [CiS(θ)]n = CiS(θ)CiS(θ)...CiS(θ) n times

= CiS(nθ)
Exponential Form
 Z = reiθ, r is the magnitude and θϵ R is argument

Proof: ex = 1 + x/1! + x2/2! + x3/3! + x4/4! ... + ∞

 eiθ = 1 + iθ/1! + (iθ)2/2! + (iθ)3/3! + (iθ)4/4! ... + ∞

 eiθ = (1 – (θ)2/2! + (θ)4/4!...) + i(θ– (θ)3/3! + (θ)5/5!..)

 eiθ = cos(θ) + isin(θ)

We keep –π ≤ θ ≤ π
Example
 Convert Z = 6+2√3i into exponential form

|Z| = √48

 tan(θ) = 2√3/6 = 1/√3

 θ = π/6

Therefore, Z = √48eiπ/6
Example
 Convert Z = –4 into exponential form

|Z| = 4, and θ = π

Therefore, Z = 4eiπ
Example
 Convert Z = –5i into exponential form

|Z| = 5

θ= –π/2

 Z = 5e–i(π/2)
Exponential Form
 Conjugate of eiθ is ei(–θ)

Proof: eiθ×eiθ = |eiθ|2 = 1

 eiθ = 1/eiθ = e–iθ


Exponential Form
 Two important results:

(eiθ+e–iθ)/2 = cos(θ)

(eiθ–e–iθ)/2 = isin(θ)

This result is basically: Sum of a number and its


conjugate is twice the real part and difference is twice
the imaginary part
Example
 If Z is a complex number of unit modulus and argument
θ, then arg[(1+z)/(1+z )] is?

Since Z has unit modulus, let z be eiθ

 z = e–iθ

 arg[(1+eiθ)/(1+e–iθ)] = arg[eiθ(1+eiθ)/(1+eiθ)]

 arg[eiθ] = θ
Example
 Let Z be r.eiθ, such that r = |z| and θϵ R. Find |eiZ|

Now, power of e is imaginary

|eiZ| = |eir(cosθ+isinθ)| = |eircosθ–rsinθ|

= e–rsinθ|eircosθ|

Now, |eircosθ| = 1

 e–rsinθ|eircosθ| = e–rsinθ
Example
 If z1 and z2 are two non–zero complex numbers such that |z1| = |z2|
and arg(z1)+arg(z2) =π, then z1 in terms of z2 is?

Since arg(z1) + arg(z2) =π

 arg(z1) = π – arg(z2)

If z2 = reiθ, then z1 = rei(π–θ)

 z1 = reiπ.ei(–θ) = r(–1)(ei(–θ)) = –rei(–θ)

= –z2

You might also like