Ipm Napud
Ipm Napud
Ipm Napud
1. Prevention
2. Identification
3. Monitoring & Record
Keeping
4. Thresholds
5. Integrated Controls
6. Evaluation & Record
Keeping
Prevention
• Your first line of defense.
• How are you going to achieve this?
Prevention
Specific - Your Yard
• Right plant for the right place
General
– Neighbouring plants
– Soil pH
Climate – Moisture and drainage
Native plants – Exposure to sun/wind
• Good plant care
– Fertilization
– irrigation
• Sanitation
– Raking
– Compost
– Disinfest pruning
equipment
Identification
Before any decision can be made about
treating a pest, the problem has to be correctly
identified
Identification
• Critical to future success
– mis-diagnosis leads to mismanagement
• Identify the plant (genus, species, cultivar)
• If there is a problem, is it biotic or abiotic?
• Correct ID of insects
should include whether
the insect is damaging,
helpful or neutral
Monitoring & Record Keeping
Monitoring & Recording
• Has to be a regular, systematic inspection of plants or
crops to determine if pests are approaching a damaging
level
• Essential to establish trends and patterns in pest outbreaks
• Provides info about when and where problems have
occurred
• Incorporates info about control measures, crop history and
health
• Effects of abiotic factors
Monitoring
• Correct sampling helps eliminate the guesswork in
pest control
• Provides a means to quantify an old
problem or
discovering a
new one
• Accurate sampling
is systematic and
methodical
Monitoring Tools
• Pruners/knife • Trowel or soil probe
• Vials & sample bags • pH meters
• Maps • Thermometers
• Camera • Insect net
• Hand lens • Note pad
Thresholds
• How many bugs are too many?
Thresholds
• A low level of plant injury may not cause enough
monetary
damage to justify
the time or expense
of pest control
• These sub-economic
losses are simply
part of the cost of
doing business
Thresholds
• At some point in the growth of a pest population, it
reaches a point where it begins to cause enough
damage to justify the
time and expense of
control measures
• But how does one know
when this point is
reached?
– Need a threshold
population level
Definitions
Injury Damage
…is defined as the …is defined as the
physical harm or monetary value lost to
destruction to a valued the commodity as a
commodity caused by
the presence or activity result of the injury by
of a pest the pest
Eg. Eg.
tunneling in wood loss of quality
consuming leaves reduction in yield
Thresholds
• To a great extent, the answer depends
on two fundamental pieces of economic
information:
A. How much financial loss is the pest causing?
B. How much will it cost to control the pest?
What can thresholds do for you?
• Control action
thresholds are a basic
IPM component that
provides information
about when to treat to
avoid losses from pests.
Thresholds can help…
IPM Thresholds
Economic Injury
Action Threshold Aesthetic Threshold
Level
ECONOMIC INJURY LEVELS
• The lowest pest density at which economic
damage occurs.
• The level where the cost of the control measure is
equal to the loss likely to be inflicted by the pest.
• If pest populations reaches this boundary,
economic damage will occur.
• This threshold is above the action threshold, the
action threshold must be achieved first, before
this threshold can be reached.
Action Threshold
You will be
gambling in your
pest control
decisions!
Pest Outbreak
• A pest outbreak, by definition, occurs whenever the
value of "A“ (financial) is greater than the value of
"B“ (control)
• Actual losses are easy to measure in agricultural or
industrial settings because commodity values are well
established by commerce and trade
– Fruit and vegetables have an
associated value to them,
on the market
Economic Injury Level
• The break-even point, where "A"="B", is known as
the economic injury level (EIL)
• The population density at which the cost to control
the pest equals the amount of damage it inflicts
(actual or potential)
Change in Pest Population
Density Over Time
Population Density
Time
Action Threshold
• Entomologists define a point below the
economic injury level at which a decision is
made to treat or not treat
• This decision point is called the action
threshold (AT)
– The pest density at which steps are first taken to
ensure that a potential pest population never exceeds
its economic injury level
Economic Injury Level
Action Threshold
Definitions
Economic Injury Economic or Action
Level Threshold
• The number of pests at • The number of pests at
which the cost to control which a decision to treat
them equals the amount or not is made
of damage they are • The decision point;
causing usually is lower than
• Cost/benefit ratio EIL because of time
delay
Economic Decision Levels
For Pest Populations
Seven Control Strategies of IPM
1. Cultural
Suppress pest problems by minimizing the
conditions they need to live
Planting plants that are adapted to your growing
conditions
Strong plants resist
diseases, outgrow
weeds and are less
likely to succumb
to insects
Cultural Controls
Sanitation Harvesting
Tillage Livestock management
Crop rotation Trap crops
Seeding Crop site
Crop fertilization
2. Physical
Temperature
Moisture
Light
Sound
Seven Control Strategies of IPM
3. Genetic
Use pest-resistant plant varieties
developed by classical plant breeding
Genetically engineered pest resistant
plants, such as Bt corn or potatoes.
There are also special uses of genetic
techniques on pests themselves, such as
"sterile male" insect releases.
Seven Control Strategies of IPM
4. Biological
Define ‘biological control’
Examples:
diatomaceous earth used
to scratch the surface of
insects to dehydrate them
microbial pesticides that
affect only a specific
group of insects
Seven Control Strategies of IPM
Chemical ‘Conventional’
Conventional pesticides currently refers to synthetically
produced compounds that act as direct toxins
nerve poisons
stomach poisons
The concept to grow crops sustainably without
destroying the environment and to optimize farm
profit for sustainable growth led to the development
of Pest Management.
This term has been accepted by the Pest Management
Council of the Philippines (PMCP) since 1994.
A committee created by the PMCP in 1994 composed
of crop protection specialist representing
entomologists, plant pathologist, weed scientists, the
International Rice Research Institute, the pesticide
industries and the academe discussed and agreed on
the definition and concept of Pest Management.
2. Value of the crop and your financial
capabilities.
3. The major pests and their natural
enemies and the ways to identify them.
4. The biology and ecology of the pests
and their natural enemies.
5. Adequate sampling
techniques.
6. The effectiveness of natural
regulatory factors.
7. Pest density, damage, and
yield relationship.
The different methods of regulating pest populations:
1. Legal method.
This would refer to the use of local, national or
international laws passed by authorities in order to
prevent the entry, distribution and outbreak of pests.
An example of this method is the implementation of
strict quarantine laws.
The Plant Quarantine Decree of 1970 or Presidential
Decree 1433 requires that all agricultural imports be
inspected by quarantine officers and treated if pests are
found on them.
This law will prevent the entry of pests into our country
but if the pest is already introduced, the law provides
authority to quarantine officers to prevent its spread
within the country.
Black bug of rice – originally introduced from
Sabah, Malaysia into Palawan, now it is already in
Mindanao.
Mango pulp weevil – this pest was also accidentally
introduced from Borneo into Palawan, it must be
contained in Palawan.
Coffee berry borer – this was originally introduced
from West Africa to Malaysia and Indonesia and now
it is already in Mindanao.
Cadang-cadang disease of coconut – in Bicol
South American leaf blight of rubber – this
disease affecting rubber is only found in Brazil,
South America. Efforts must be exerted to prevent
the introduction of this pest to Southeast Asia.
Golden apple snail – “golden kuhol”, is one
example of a pest that was introduced first in Luzon
as food for human beings. It escaped cultivation
and became a serious pest of rice.
In some towns of Laguna, farmers are
required to catch and kill rodents at least
once a year.
The cotton farmers are required to destroy
their crops after harvest in order to prevent
the multiplication and spread of pink
bollworm and other cotton insect pests.
2) Cultural regulatory techniques.
The effects of cultural regulatory techniques on pest
population are poorly documented and are
underestimated by both agricultural extension
workers and farmers.
However, this method of regulating pest
populations could be the most effective, cheapest
and least destructive to the environment.
a.Selecting the best place and time of
planting including the timing of flower
induction.
Traditional farmers in the past would wait until
the appearance of the full moon before they
would plant the seeds.
This was dismissed by some modern farmers
and extension workers as superstitious but
recently researchers from the University of
California at Berkeley and from UPLB –
Biological Central Laboratory observed that
noctuid moths are active during full moon.
Most of them emerge from the pupa a few days
before full moon and lay fertile eggs few days
after full moon.
When you plant the seeds at this time, your plant
would have at least one month more time to
grow and become tolerant to pest damage before
another batch of egg-laying moths will be
available.
Inducing mango to flower at one time within your
farm may reduce the problem of the destructive
leafhoppers because the population will be deleted.
While if you would induce your mango to flower
continuously the leafhopper shall continuously
reproduce, it would only transfer from one mango
tree to another because the female mango
leafhopper can live for one year and it will only
reproduce if the mango is in bloom.
In the case of potato wilt, highly
elevated areas and those areas planted
to grasses for 10 or more years will
produce good potato without the
bacterial wilt disease.
b.The use of resistant (tolerant) varieties.
High nitrogen fertilization will make the
plants more susceptible to plant pathogens and
defoliators.
The use of organic manures will also encourage
beneficial organism in the soil that would
inhibit the survival of pests especially
nematodes and soil pathogens.
Succulent tissues
i. Crop rotation.
This cultural method is effective especially
against nematodes, soil pathogens, and insect
pests.
j. The use of irrigation, flooding, and drainage
can influence pest populations.
There are plant pests such as grubs, mole crickets
and nematodes that can be reduced by flooding.
However, some crop pests, for example rice whorl
maggot, may also be reduced by drainage.
k. Destruction of crop residue, rouging and
trimming
For example, cotton farmers are required to destroy
their crop residue to reduce population of cotton
pink bollworm, cotton flower weevil and other pest
the following season.
Crop residues should not be burned.
Crop residues may be placed in a compost pit to be
burned into organic fertilizer.
Rouging is the process of removing and destroying
unwanted plants especially when they are infected
with virus diseases.
Tungro infected plants for example should be
rouged in the field.
Thinning or pruning is a good cultural technique
not only to remove unwanted branches but also to
expose pests to direct sunlight.
The first instar larvae of mealy bugs and scale
insects called crawlers are killed by direct exposure
to sunlight.
Thinning and pruning will encourage good air
circulation and this will reduce the viability of some
plant pathogens if moisture is not available.
l. Proper harvesting, drying, storing, and
processing will reduce spoilage and damage of
storage pests.
Most storage pests damage crops early in the field
and improper harvesting and processing will
enhance their infestation.
For example, the mongo seed weevil lays its eggs on
the mature pods of mungbean in the field.
If the beans are not properly processed immediately
the larva could get into the seeds and if not dried
well the larva will continue to develop in storage.
But if dried well, the eggs, larvae and adults may
die.
m. Crop diversification, multiple cropping or
multi-storey farming is an ecological innovation
to utilize optimally all the natural resources in the
farm.
Aside from providing diversity that would prevent
pest from concentrating on one crop, multi-storey
farming would utilize all spaces, nutrient and
sunlight.
It would also encourage stable ecological
interactions among the crops and their respective
pest components but it would ensure economic
stability by providing a continuous cash flow for the
farmers.
n. Close-in-Time of Planting.
This refers to the rule that the Philippine Cotton
Corporation required cotton farmers in Luzon 15
years ago to plant any compact area at one time.
Or, if one farmer would start planting cotton,
everybody should follow shortly (not to exceed four
weeks).
This would reduce the damage of the cotton flower
weevil, cotton bollworm and pink bollworm.
o. Light trapping.
This technique would apply to pests
attracted to light, especially insects.
There are many major pests of crops that
are attracted to ordinary light traps.
Some of these are:
mango leafhopper, Idioscopos elepsalis
rice stem borer
rice brown planthopper and green leafhopper
The light trap can be placed over a fish pond.
Catfish and “tilapia” may be raised on the fish pond
to eat the insects and other animals attracted to the
light.
During May and June many species of termites and
other insect could serve as food for economic fish.
The benefit that you will get from light trapping
will be doubled.
The pests are consumed by the fish which in turn
provide the farmer’s protein requirement.
3. Biological control of pests
4. The Use of Resistant Varieties. This pest
regulatory method can be classified as a part of
biological control or cultural control
Pest resistant plants are those plants
possessing some relative amount of
heritable qualities or characteristics
(physical, physiological or biochemical)
which influence the ultimate degree of
damage done by pests.
1. Preference or non-preference.
The crop plant can be less preferred for
oviposition, feeding, or shelter by the pest due to
its physical characteristics such as the presence of
hairs, roughness or smoothness, odor, color, or
absence of parts used for oviposition.
2. Antibiosis.
This mechanism of resistance is due to the
absence or presence of biochemical substances
in the plants that would affect the growth,
reproduction and survival of pests.
The ultimate effect of plants with antibiosis is
death of the pests.
3. Tolerance.
This is the most ideal mechanism of
resistance.
Tolerance refers to the ability of the plant to
withstand high pest population without yield
reduction.
This is ideal because the plant does not have
any effect on the pest biology and therefore
have no negative effects on the natural
enemies.
Plants that are tolerant to pest damage can be
used together with other methods of
regulating pest populations.
Resistant (tolerant) varieties are compatible with
any other pest regulatory methods;
It is very economical to produce a pest resistant
variety, would require one breeder and one pest
management specialist;
High economic returns (1:300 compared to the use
of chemical pesticides 1:4);
The use of resistant varieties is appropriate for small
scale planting;
It can easily be used in isolated areas where other
pest control technologies are not known;
The development of pest resistant varieties
would work well on crops with low yield
potential and low margin profit; and
Utilizing pest resistant crop would reduce crop
protection expenses and help conserve our dollar
reserves.
Some pests can adapt to non-preferred plants
when there are no other choice;
Crops with high antibiosis type of mechanism
can enhance the development of biotypes or
races;
Most pest resistant traits are incompatible
with high yield of good eating quality (a
resistant plant to one pest can be susceptible
to other pests);
It takes a long time to develop and would require
close cooperation among agronomists, breeders,
and crop protection specialists; and
Pseudoresistance or false resistance could either be
due to escape (when there are no enough pest
population), evasion (when the pest comes at the
time when the plants are not susceptible), or
induction (when the plants would show resistant
traits due to the presence of chemicals in the soil
that mark the expression of resistance).
The breeding of pests that are susceptible to
pesticides and their natural enemies that are
resistant to pesticides is a form of genetic
control.
The traditional genetic methods are breeding
hybrid pests that, when released to the field,
would produce sterile adults, physically
defective offspring or that would result in the
death of the pests.
There are many other potential methods of
regulating pests such as the use of attractants
and repellents, sounds, and electronics in pest
communications.