Analog Electronics

Department of Electrical and Electronic

Engineering
BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

 Nonlinear Applications

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

 Applications of Analog Multipliers

Find Vo / Vin
Analog Electronics
Ch. 5 # 3

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

 Applications of Analog Multipliers
Square root extractor

R1 Vz
For divider Vo   K
R2 Vx
Setting Vx  Vo , we get
R1 Vz
Vo   K
R2 Vo
R1
Vo  K Vz
R2
Vo  real if Vz   ve  one - quadrant device

Analog Electronics
ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION
Ch. 5 # 4
 Analog Multipliers

Vo

Find Vo

Analog Electronics
ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION
Ch. 5 # 5
 Quarter Square Multiplier

1
Use xy  [x  y   x  y  ]
2 2
05/24/2024
4 6

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

 Applications of Analog Multipliers
Root mean square measurement

Analog Electronics
ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION
Ch. 5 # 8
 Applications of Analog Multipliers
Frequency Multipliers
Frequency Doubler
A squarer can be used as frequency doubler.
If Vx  A sin t
A2 2
Vo  sin (t )
K
2 2
A A
  cos 2t
2K 2K

- Output contains dc and cosine component at 2wt

- dc term can be removed by high-pass filter
Analog Electronics
ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION
Ch. 5 # 9
 Applications of Analog Multipliers
Frequency Multiplier

Designing Frequency Tripler Circuit

Analog Electronics
ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION
Ch. 5 # 10
 Applications of Analog Multipliers
Frequency Tripler

Design of tripler
- Input and Output: full-scale variation + 10 V
- Multiplier scale factor = K
- Rescale 1st equation to ensure + 10 V
Analog Electronics
ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION
Ch. 5 # 11
 Frequency Tripler

05/24/2024 12

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

 Frequency Tripler

Design a circuit for Frequency Tripler

Analog Electronics
ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION
Ch. 5 # 13
 05/24/2024 14

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

 05/24/2024 15

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

 Sample and Hold Circuit

05/24/2024 16

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

 Sample and Hold Circuit

05/24/2024 17

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

 Sample and Hold Circuit

05/24/2024 18

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

 Sample and Hold Circuit

05/24/2024 19

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

 Sample and Hold Circuit

05/24/2024 20

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

 Sample and Hold Circuit

05/24/2024 21

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

 Sample and Hold Circuit

05/24/2024 22

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

 Sample and Hold Circuit
 Samples an input signal holds on it until the next value is sampled
again
 MOSFET works as a switch controlled by control voltage, Vcontrol
 Capacitor serves as the storage element
 Vin applied to drain terminal of MOSFET
 Vcontrol applied to gate terminal.
 When Vcontrol is positive. MOSFET turns on, acts like a closed
switch.
 Capacitor charges towards Vin and Vo = Vin
 Charging time constant of capacitor is (Ro + rDS on).
 When Vcontrol is zero, MOSFET is OFF, acting as open switch.
 The only discharge path for capacitor is through opamp A2, but A2
is a buffer having high input resistance.
23 BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Sample and Hold Circuit

 Widely used in A to D converters, which convert time

varying analog input signal to digital.
 How??
 ADC takes very little time for conversion during which
analog input signal should remain constant.
 But generally analog signal is time varying and it requires to
hold input signal constant during conversion. Sample and
Hold circuit serves the purpose.
 ts is the sample period, the time during which the voltage
across the capacitor is equal to the input voltage. ( input is
sampled)
 th is the hold period, the time during which the voltage
across the capacitor is held constant
24 BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Comparators and Schmitt Triggers
Comparators

Analog Electronics
ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION
Ch. 5 # 25
 Comparators
Comparators
- Interface between analog and digital domains
- Converts analog signal to two-state digital signal
- Simplest comparator

Open-loop opamp

If Vin > Vref , Vo is high (Vsat)

If Vin < Vref , Vo is low (–Vsat )

Analog Electronics
ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION
Ch. 5 # 26
 Noninverting - Comparators

05/24/2024 27

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

 Non-inverting - Comparators

05/24/2024 28

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

 Noninverting - Comparators

05/24/2024 29

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

 Comparators Applications

05/24/2024 30

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

 Voltage level detector

Analog Electronics
ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION
Ch. 5 # 31
 Voltage level detector

05/24/2024 32

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

 Voltage level detector
- Opamp comparator used as
voltage level detector
- Inverting input Vref = 1 V
- Noninverting input Vin
When Vin < Vref , Vo is low (–Vsat )
When Vin > Vref , Vo is high (Vsat)
The circuit shows whether Vin < Vref or Vin > Vref
Diodes D1 and D2 used to prevent opamp
from damage due to excessive input voltage
Differential input voltage (vid) clamped to 0.7 V
Analog Electronics
ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION
Ch. 5 # 33
 Inverting Comparator
Zero crossing detector

Conversion from sine wave to Square wave

Analog Electronics
ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION
Ch. 5 # 34
 Zero crossing detector

05/24/2024 35

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

 Inverting type Zero crossing detector

- Also sine wave to square wave converter

- Inverting comparator used as
zero crossing detector
- Noninverting input Vref = 0 V
- Inverting input Vin
When Vin crosses 0 in –ve direction,
Vo is high (+Vsat )
When Vin crosses 0 in +ve direction,
Vo is low (–Vsat )

Analog Electronics
ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION
Ch. 5 # 36
 Voltage limiters

Analog Electronics
ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION
Ch. 5 # 37
 Voltage limiters

- Opamp comparator circuits with

Vo limited to particular value
- Zener diodes D1 and D2 connected
in feedback path

When Vin > 0 and increases in +ve direction ,

Vo is –ve, D1 forward biased
D2 in zener breakdown region

Vo= –(VZ+ VD1)

Analog Electronics
ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION
Ch. 5 # 38
 Voltage limiters

When Vin < 0 and increases in –ve direction ,

Vo is +ve, D1 in zener breakdown region
D2 in forward biased

Vo= (VZ+ VD2)

Assume VD1= VD2= 0.7 V

Min Vo = –(VZ+ VD1)
Max Vo= (VZ+ VD2)

RB usedELECTRONICS
ELECTRICAL
to minimize offset problems
COMMUNICATION
Analog Electronics
INSTRUMENTATION
Ch. 5 # 39
 waveforms

Analog Electronics
ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION
Ch. 5 # 40
Time marker generator
(clock pulse generator)

Analog Electronics
Ch. 5 # 41