Wolaita Sodo

University
Department of Computer Science
Advanced Database System(CoSc 2042)
By Olivia Wilson
 The team

• Biruk Yacob.......................................................................UGR - 68799

• Kaleb Koyamo..................................................................UGR - 69716

• Hana Zekarias..................................................................UGR - 68442

• Anduaelm Blachew..........................................................UGR - 68442

• Elham Bedru.....................................................................UGR - 69133

• Lefikir Getnet....................................................................UGR - 69848

 TODAY'S AGENDA

Advantages of Distributed
Introduction
Database Systems

Distributed Database Challenges of Distributed

Concepts Database Systems

Characteristics of Distributed Types of Distributed

Database Systems Database Systems

Examples of Distributed Future Trends Distributed

Database Systems Database Systems
 INTRODUCTION
Distributed systems, comprising networks of interconnected nodes, aim to tackle
complex computational tasks, while distributed databases offer a means to efficiently
store, retrieve, and manage data in such distributed settings. Throughout this
presentation, we will explore the core principles, unique challenges, and pivotal
contributions of distributed systems and databases in meeting the evolving needs of
modern computing and data management.
 Distributed Database
Concepts

• We can define a distributed database (DDB) as a collection of multiple logically interrelated databases distributed over a

computer network, and a distributed database management system (DDBMS) as a software system that manages a

distributed database while making the distribution transparent to the user.

Diagram of a simple Distributed
Database system
 Characteristics of Distributed
Database Systems

• Data Distribution: Distributed database systems store data across multiple nodes or databases, allowing for data to be distributed
geographically or logically.
• Transparency: Distributed database systems provide transparency to users and applications, meaning that they can interact with the
system as if it were a single, centralized database.
• Replication: Distributed database systems often utilize data replication to improve fault tolerance and availability.
• Concurrency Control: Distributed database systems must implement concurrency control mechanisms to ensure that multiple users or
applications can access and modify data without conflicts or inconsistencies.
• Distributed Query Processing: Distributed database systems support distributed query processing, allowing queries to be executed
across multiple nodes in parallel.
• Security and Privacy: Distributed database systems must address security and privacy concerns related to data distribution and
replication.
 Examples of Distributed
Database Systems

• Google Spanner: Google's globally distributed database system that provides strong consistency and high availability across
multiple data centers. Spanner is designed to scale horizontally and support global transactions.
• Amazon DynamoDB: A fully managed NoSQL database service provided by Amazon Web Services (AWS) that is designed
for high availability, scalability, and low latency. DynamoDB can be distributed across multiple regions and is capable of
handling large-scale applications.
• Apache Cassandra: A highly scalable and distributed NoSQL database system that can be deployed across multiple nodes and
data centers. Cassandra is designed to handle large volumes of data with high availability and fault tolerance.
• MongoDB: A popular NoSQL database system that supports distributed deployments across multiple nodes. MongoDB's
sharding and replication features enable it to provide horizontal scalability and fault tolerance.
 Advantages of Distributed Database
Systems

• Data Availability: Distributed database systems can provide high availability by replicating data across multiple nodes. This
ensures that data is accessible even if some nodes or servers in the network are unavailable, reducing the risk of downtime and
ensuring continuous access to data.
• Data Reliability: By distributing data across multiple nodes, distributed databases can improve data reliability. If one node fails,
data can still be accessed from other nodes, reducing the risk of data loss and ensuring that data remains reliable and accessible.
• Reduced Data Redundancy: Distributed databases can reduce data redundancy by storing data in a distributed manner across
multiple nodes. This can help to minimize the storage space required for redundant data and ensure that updates or changes to data
are reflected consistently across the distributed system.
 Challenges of Distributed
Database Systems

• Data Consistency: Ensuring that data remains consistent across distributed nodes can be challenging. Synchronization of
data updates and maintaining consistency in a distributed environment requires careful coordination to avoid conflicts and
discrepancies.
• Network Communication Overhead: Distributed databases rely on network communication for data exchange between
nodes. This can introduce latency and overhead, especially in geographically dispersed systems, impacting performance and
responsiveness.
• Security and Privacy: Managing security and privacy in a distributed environment is complex. Ensuring data confidentiality,
integrity, and availability across multiple nodes while protecting against unauthorized access and breaches requires robust
security measures and careful access control.
• Fault Tolerance and Recovery: Dealing with node failures, network partitions, and ensuring fault tolerance and recovery
mechanisms in a distributed system poses significant challenges. Maintaining data availability and consistency in the face of
failures requires sophisticated recovery strategies.
 Types of Distributed Database
Systems

• Distributed databases can be classified into two main types: homogeneous distributed database systems and heterogeneous
distributed database systems. They are Homogeneous and heterogeneous Distributed database system.

• Homogeneous Distributed Database Systems: - In a homogeneous distributed database, all the sites use identical DBMS
and operating systems. This makes it significantly simpler to build and administer homogeneous distributed database
systems since they appear to the user as a single system. The data structures at each site must either be the same or
compatible for a distributed database system to be considered homogeneous
 Cont...
2. Heterogeneous Distributed Database Systems: - In a heterogeneous distributed database, many locations may employ various
software and schema, which may cause issues with queries and transactions. This can make query and transaction processing
complex due to dissimilar schemas and software.

• Different sites may use different schemas, operating systems, and database management systems, making it difficult to manage
and causing limited cooperation in processing user requests. Both types of distributed database systems have their own
advantages and challenges, and the choice between them depends on the specific requirements and constraints of the
distributed database environment.
 Future Trends Distributed Database
Systems

• Blockchain Technology and Distributed Ledgers:- Blockchain has gained massive attention. Its decentralized and distributed
nature makes it a potential game-changer for various industries. In the realm of databases, distributed ledgers can revolutionize
how data is stored, verified, and secured. From supply chain management to financial services, the adoption of distributed
ledger technology is set to grow, emphasizing data integrity and security while minimizing the need for intermediaries.
• Edge Computing and Distributed Databases:- As edge computing continues to gain momentum, the need for distributed
databases that can efficiently manage and process data at the edge is becoming increasingly significant.
• Multi-Model Databases:- Traditional databases often focus on a single data model, such as relational or document-based.
However, the future may bring about a rise in multi-model databases that support various data models within a single system.
 Cont...
• Advanced Query Processing and Optimization :- With the increasing complexity and scale of distributed database systems,
advancements in query processing and optimization are crucial. New techniques for efficient distributed query execution,
adaptive query optimization, and workload management will continue to be a focus, enabling large-scale distributed
databases to handle complex analytical and transactional workloads effectively.
• Security and Privacy :- As data privacy regulations become more stringent, distributed database systems will need to evolve
to provide enhanced security and privacy features. This includes techniques for secure data sharing across distributed
environments, encryption strategies, and robust access control mechanisms.
THANK
YOU!