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Lec 18 Probability 3 1

The document discusses calculating probability through examples like coin tosses, playing cards, balls in a bag, and dice rolls. Probability is defined as the number of favorable outcomes divided by the total number of possible outcomes. Examples calculate the probability of getting heads in coin tosses, drawing certain cards, extracting certain ball combinations from a bag, and getting specific sums or numbers when rolling dice.

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Arshad Ghafoor
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16 views10 pages

Lec 18 Probability 3 1

The document discusses calculating probability through examples like coin tosses, playing cards, balls in a bag, and dice rolls. Probability is defined as the number of favorable outcomes divided by the total number of possible outcomes. Examples calculate the probability of getting heads in coin tosses, drawing certain cards, extracting certain ball combinations from a bag, and getting specific sums or numbers when rolling dice.

Uploaded by

Arshad Ghafoor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to statistics and probability

Lec-18
How to calculate the Probability

The probability can be calculated by the following


formula
Probability =
Let A is an event produces n number of outcomes and m is
out of these outcomes is favourable outcome then the
probability of A
P(A) =
 A fair coins is tossed three times what is the probability (i)that at least
one head appears? (ii) that one tail and two heads are obtained?
 Sample space for this experiment is
 S ={HHH,HHT,HTH,THH,HTT,THT,TTH,TTT}
(i) Let A denote the event that at least one head appears then
A={HHH,HHT,HTH,THH,HTT,THT,TTH}
n(A)=7 n(S)= 8=
P(A )= = 0.875 or 87.5%
(ii) Let B denote the event that one tail appears. Then
B={HHT,HTH,THH}. When n coins are thrown,
nS=
P(B)= 3/8
Playing cards

Playing cards=52,
 Red cards= 26, black cards=26
Number cards= 36, Picture cards= 12, Aces= 4
Four colors are Heart(13)Red, Diamond(13)Red,
Club(13)Black, Spade (13)Black

Heart=13

Number
Picture Ace-1
cards=9
cards=3
If a card is drawn from the deck of 52 cards , find the
probability that (i) card is red, (ii) card is a diamond ,
(iii) card is a number10.
i) Let A represent the event that card is red .then
n(A)=26 since there are 26 red card
n(S) = 52 total number of possible outcomes .
P(A) == = or 0.50 or 50%
So the probability or the chance of drawing red card
is
Continue...

ii) Find the probability that card is diamond.


Since there are 13 diamond cards.
Let B represent the event that card is diamond so
n(B) = 13, n(S) =52
 P(B)= = =
iii) Find the probability that card is number10,
Let C represent that card is 10, so n(C)=4 because
there are four 10‘s cards
P(C) = = =
(iv) that red number card less than 4 is obtained?
In hearts, number cards=2
In diamond, number cards=2
P(C)= 4/52=1/13
Example

 Six white balls and four black balls are placed in a bag if 6 balls are taken
from the bag. Find the probability of getting (i) three white and three black
(ii) at least one white ball.
 Solution
 The total number of possible outcomes is
n(S) = = = 210
(i) Let A represent the event that three white and three black balls are
taken then number of outcomes that corresponds to event A is n(A)= =80
P(A) = = = .
(ii) Let C represents the event that at least four white ball is obtained.
(4w, 2B)+ (5w, 1B)+ (6w, 0B)

nC= =115
P(C)= 115/210
Example
 If two fair dice are thrown ,what is probability of getting (i) a
double six (ii) a sum=6 (iii) a sum=7 and (iv) both even nos.

Let A represent the event that a double six occur then

n(S) =36 , n(A) =1 P(A)= =


(ii) Let B represents the event that sum of score on both dice is 6.
Then
B={(1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4,2), (5, 1)}
n(S) =36 , n(B) =5
P(B)= 5/36
(iii) C={sum=7}={(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4,3), (5, 2), (6, 1)}
P(C)= 6/36= 1/6
(iv) D= {both numbers are even}= {(2, 2), (2, 4), (2,6), (4, 2), (4,4),
(4,6), (6, 2), (6, 4), (6,6)}.
P(D)= 9/36=1/4
(v) E={product of scores is 12}={(2, 6), (3,4), (4,3), (6, 2)}
P(E)= 4/36=1/9

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