Renz Linda

Siana Tomas

Jadelyn Ayyong

Jonalyn Potangna

Saturnino Copio
What is Risk Assessment Reportin
 Risk assessment reporting is a
process of documenting and
communicating the findings of a
risk assessment. The reporting
aspect is crucial for ensuring that
stakeholders understand the
identified risks, their potential
consequences, and any
recommended mitigation
strategies.
 Forms of risk assessment
Two basic forms of risk assessment.
1. Quantitative risk assessment
Attempts to measure the risk by relating the probability of the
risk occurring to the possible severity of the outcome and then
giving the risk a numerical value. This method of risk
assessment is used in situations where a malfunction could
be very serious (e.g. aircraft design and maintenance or the
petrochemical industry).
2. Qualitative risk assessment
Is based purely on personal judgement and is normally defined
as high, medium or low. Qualitative risk assessments are usually
satisfactory since the definition (high, medium or low) is
normally used to determine the time frame in which further
A hazard is the potential of a A risk is the likelihood of a
substance, activity or process to substance, activity or process to
cause harm. Hazards take many cause harm. Risk (or strictly the
forms including, for example, level of risk) is also linked to the
chemicals, electricity and the use of severity of its consequences. A risk
a ladder. A hazard can be ranked can be reduced and the hazard
relative to other hazards or to a controlled by good management.
possible level of danger.
 Near miss
Occupational or work-related ill-health This is any
This is concerned with incident that
those illnesses or could have
physical and mental
resulted in an
disorders that are either
caused or triggered by accident.
workplace activities
Dangerous occurrenceThis is a ‘near miss
which could have led to
Accident serious injury or loss of
This is defined by the Health life. Dangerous
and Safety Executive as ‘any occurrences are defined
in the Reporting of
unplanned event that results
Injuries, Diseases and
in injury or ill-health of Dangerous Occurrences
people, or damage or loss to Regulations 1995 (often
property, plant, materials or known as RIDDOR) and
the environment or a loss of are always reportable to
a business opportunity’ the Enforcement
Authorities.
 The main objective of risk assessment is to determine
the measures required by the organization to comply
with relevant health and safety legislation and,
thereby, reduce the level of occupational injuries and
ill-health.
Two types of costs of accidents
• Direct costs are costs that are • Indirect costs may be insured
directly related to the accident. (business loss, product or
They may be insured (claims on
process liability) or uninsured
employers’ and public liability
insurance, damage to buildings, (loss of goodwill, extra
equipment or vehicles) or overtime payments, accident
uninsured (fi nes, sick pay, damage investigation time, production
to product, equipment or process). delays).
 Accident categories

Contact with moving Struck by

machinery or material moving, flying or Hit by a moving Injured while handling,
being machined falling object vehicle lifting or carrying

Physically assaulted by Contact with electricity Other kind of accident.

or an electrical discharge
Falls from a height
a person
 There are two possible health effects of occupational ill-health

Risk assessment is
not only concerned
with injuries in the
workplace but also
needs to consider
the possibility of
occupational ill-
health.
 The management of risk assessment

Risk assessment is part of the planning and

implementation stage of the health and safety
management system recommended by the HSE in its
publication HSG 65. All aspects of the organization,
including health and safety management, need to be
covered by the risk assessment process. This will involve
the assessment of risk in areas such as maintenance
procedures, training programs and supervisory
arrangements.
 The risk assessment process
Six steps will be used to discuss the process of risk assessment:

 Hazard identification  Risk controls (existing and additional)

Hazard identification is the crucial first step The effectiveness of these controls
of risk assessment. needs to be assessed so that an estimate
 Persons at risk of the residual risk may be made.
Employees and contractors who work full  Record of risk assessment findings
time at the workplace are the most obvious groups
at risk and it will be necessary check that they are For an assessment to be ‘suitable
competent to perform their particular tasks. and sufficient’ only the significant hazards
 Evaluation of risk level and conclusions need be recorded.
During most risk assessment it will be noted that  Monitoring and review.
some of the risks posed by the hazard have already Review and revision may be
been addressed or controlled. The purpose of the
risk assessment, therefore, is to reduce the necessary when conditions change as a
remaining risk. This is called the residual risk. result of the introduction of new machinery,
processes or hazards.
 Special cases
Young persons
Young workers clearly have a lack of experience
and awareness of risks in the workplace, a tendency to
be subject to peer pressure and a willingness
Introduction to Health and Safety at Work 74 to work
hard.

Expectant and nursing mothers

The Management of Health and Safety
at Work Regulations 1999 incorporates the
Pregnant Workers Directive from the EU.
Workers with a disability
From a health and safety point of view, it
is important that workers with a disability are
covered by special risk assessments so that
appropriate controls are in place to protect
them.
 Lone workers
It is important to consider whether the
risks of the job can be properly controlled by
one person. Other considerations in the risk
assessment include:
whether the particular workplace presents a
special risk to someone working alone
➤ is there safe egress and exit from the
workplace?
➤ can all the equipment and substances be safely
handled by one person?
➤ is violence from others a risk?
➤ would women and young persons be specially
at risk?
➤ is the worker medically fi t and suitable for
working alone?
➤ are special training and supervision required?
Principles of
Control and
Prevention
Principles of Prevention
The MHSW Regulations Schedule 1 specifies the general
principles of prevention which are set out in article 6(2) of
the European Council Directive 89/391/EEC.
These principles are:
1. Avoiding risk
2. Evaluating the risks which cannot be avoided
3. Combating the risk at source
Principles of Prevention
4. Adapting the work to the individual
5. Adapting to technical progress
6. Replacing the dangerous by the non-dangerous or the less
dangerous
7. Developing a coherent overall prevention policy
8. Giving collective protective measures priority over individual
protective measures
9. Giving appropriate instruction to employees.
Hierarchy of Risk Control
Hierarchy of risk controls are as follows:
1. Elimination or substitution – the best and most
effective way of avoiding a severe hazard and its
associated risks.
 Elimination occurs when a process or activity is totally
abandoned because the associated risk is too high.
 Substitution describes the use of a less hazardous form of
a substance.
Changing work methods/patterns
Hierarchy of risk controls are as follows:
2. Changing work methods/patterns
 In some cases, it is possible to change the method of
working so that exposures are reduced.
 Sometimes patterns of work can be changed so that
people can do things in a more natural way.

3. Reduced time exposure

 Involves reducing the time during the working day that
the employee is exposed to the hazard, either giving the
employee other work or rest periods.
Hierarchy of risk controls are as follows:
4. Engineering controls
 The control of risk by means of engineering design rather
than reliance on preventative actions by the employee.
a) Control the risk at the source
b) Control the risk of exposure by:
- isolating the equipment by the use of an enclosure, a
barrier or guard
- ventilate away any hazardous fumes or gases, either
naturally or by using extractor fans and hoods.
Hierarchy of risk controls are as follows:
5. Housekeeping
 A very cheap and effective means of controlling risk.
6. Safe systems of work
 the system of work describes the safe method of
performing the job activity.
7. Training and information
 Information includes such items as signs, posters,
systems of work and general health and safety
arrangements
Hierarchy of risk controls are as follows:
8. Personal Protective
Equipment(PPE)
 Personal protective
equipment (PPE) should
only be used as a last
resort.
Hierarchy of risk controls are as follows:
9. Welfare
 Welfare facilities include general workplace ventilation,
lighting and heating and the provision of drinking water,
sanitation and washing facilities.
10. Monitoring and supervision
 All risk control measures, whether they rely on
engineered or human behavioral controls, must be
monitored for their effectiveness and supervised to
ensure that they have been applied correctly.
Hierarchy of risk controls are as follows:
11. Review
 Periodically the risk control measures should be
reviewed. Monitoring and other reports are crucial for the
review to be useful. Reviews often take place at safety
committee and/or at management meetings. A serious
accident or incident should lead to an immediate review
of the risk control measures in place.
Controlling Health Risks
1. Types of health risk
 The principles of control for health risks are the same as
those for safety. However, the nature of health risks can
make the link between work activities and employee ill-
health less obvious than in the case of injury from an
accident.
 The COSHH Amendment Regulations 2005 sets out the
principles of control
Controlling Health Risks
Risks to health from work activities include:
➤ skin contact with irritant substances, leading to dermatitis etc.
➤ inhalation of respiratory sensitizers, triggering immune
responses such as asthma
➤ badly designed workstations requiring awkward body postures
or repetitive movements, resulting in upper limb disorders,
repetitive strain injury and other musculoskeletal conditions
➤ noise levels which are too high, causing deafness and
conditions, such as tinnitus
➤ too much vibration, for example, from hand-held tools leading
to hand – arm vibration syndrome and circulatory problems
Controlling Health Risks
2. Control hierarchy for exposure to substances hazardous
to health
The following shows how the general principles and hierarchy
can be applied to substances hazardous to health, which come
under the COSHH Regulations:
➤ change the process or task so that there is no need for the
hazardous substance
➤ replace the substance with a safer material
➤ use the substance in a safer form, for example, in liquid or
pellets to prevent dust from powders.
➤ totally enclose the process
 Controlling Health Risks
➤ partially enclose the process and use local exhaust
ventilation to extract the harmful substance
➤ provide high quality general ventilation, if individual
exposures do not breach the exposure limits
➤ use safe systems of work and procedures to minimize
exposures, spillage or leaks
➤ reduce the number of people exposed or the duration of their
exposure.
Controlling Health Risks
3. Assessing exposure and health surveillance
Some aspects of health exposure will need input from
specialist or professional advisers, such as occupational
health hygienists, nurses and doctors. However,
considerable progress can be made by taking
straightforward measures such as:
➤ consulting the workforce on the design of workplaces
➤ talking to manufacturers and suppliers of substances and
work equipment about minimizing exposure
➤ enclosing machinery to cut down dust, fume and noise
➤ researching the use of less hazardous substances
➤ensuring that employees are given appropriate information and are
trained in the safe handling of all the substances and materials to which
they may be exposed.

If none of the above control measures prove to be adequate on their

own, PPE should be provided. This is a last resort and is only permitted
by the COSHH Regulations in conjunction with other means of control
if they prove inadequate. Special control requirements are needed for
carcinogens, which are set out in the Carcinogen Approved Code of
Practice
References:
P. Hughes, E. Ferrett,Introduction to Health and Safety
Work, Principles of Control, 3rd Edition, p. 80-84
SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK
 WHAT IS A SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK?
A safe system of work is a formal
procedure which results from systematic
examination of a task in order to identify
all the hazards. It defines safe methods to
ensure that hazards are eliminated or
risks minimized.
 WHEN IS A SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK
NEEDED?
Many hazards are clearly recognizable and can
be overcome by physically separating people
from them, e.g. by using effective guarding on
machinery.

A safe system of work is needed when hazards

cannot be physically eliminated and some
elements of risk remain. You should apply
these principles to routine work as well as to
more special cases such as:
 WHEN IS A SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK
 NEEDED?
cleaning and maintenance operations
 making changes to work layouts, materials
used or work methods
 employees working away from base or
working alone
 breakdowns or emergencies
 controlling activities of contractors on your
premises
 loading, unloading and movements of
vehicles
 WHEN IS A SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK
 NEEDED?
cleaning and maintenance operations
 making changes to work layouts, materials
used or work methods
 employees working away from base or
working alone
 breakdowns or emergencies
 controlling activities of contractors on your
premises
 loading, unloading and movements of
vehicles
 WHEN IS A SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK
 NEEDED?
cleaning and maintenance operations
 making changes to work layouts, materials
used or work methods
 employees working away from base or
working alone
 breakdowns or emergencies
 controlling activities of contractors on your
premises
 loading, unloading and movements of
vehicles
 WHEN IS A SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK
 NEEDED?
cleaning and maintenance operations
 making changes to work layouts, materials
used or work methods
 employees working away from base or
working alone
 breakdowns or emergencies
 controlling activities of contractors on your
premises
 loading, unloading and movements of
vehicles
 WHEN IS A SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK
 NEEDED?
cleaning and maintenance operations
 making changes to work layouts, materials
used or work methods
 employees working away from base or
working alone
 breakdowns or emergencies
 controlling activities of contractors on
your premises
 loading, unloading and movements of
vehicles
 WHEN IS A SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK
 NEEDED?
cleaning and maintenance operations
 making changes to work layouts, materials
used or work methods
 employees working away from base or
working alone
 breakdowns or emergencies
 controlling activities of contractors on your
premises
 loading, unloading and movements of
vehicles
FIVE STEPS TO A SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK

1. Assess the task

2. Identify the hazards
3. Define safe methods
4. Implement the system
5. Monitor the system
 1. ASSESSING THE TASK
Assess all aspects of the task and the risks it
presents. Hazards to health as well as to
safety should be considered.

Take account of:

 what is used, e.g. the plant and substances,

potential failures of machinery, toxic
hazards, electrical hazards, design limits,
risks of inadvertently operating automatic
controls.
 1. ASSESSING THE TASK
 who does what, e.g.
delegation, training,
foreseeable human errors,
short cuts, ability to cope
in an emergency.
 1. ASSESSING THE TASK
 where the task is carried out,
e.g. hazards in the workplace,
problems caused by weather
conditions or lighting, hazards
from adjacent processes or
contractors, etc.
 1. ASSESSING THE TASK
 the task is done, e.g. the
procedures, potential failures in
work methods, lack of foresight
of infrequent events.
 2. IDENTIFYING THE HAZARDS
When you have assessed a task,
you should be able to spot its
hazards and weigh up the risks.
Where possible you should
eliminate the hazards and
reduce the risks before you rely
upon a safe system of work.
 3. DEFINE SAFE METHODS
Your safe system of work may be
defined orally, by a simple written
procedure or in exceptional cases by a
formal permit to work system.
 Consider the preparation and
authorization needed at the start of
the job.
 3. DEFINE SAFE METHODS
 Ensure clear
planning of job
sequences.
 Specify safe work
methods.
 3. DEFINE SAFE METHODS
 Include means of
access and escape if
relevant.
 3. DEFINE SAFE METHODS
 Consider the tasks of
dismantling, disposal
etc. at the end of the
job.
4. IMPLEMENTING THE SYSTEM
4. IMPLEMENTING THE SYSTEM
4. IMPLEMENTING THE SYSTEM
5. MONITORING THE SYSTEM