Scribd
Upload
171 views15 pages

Lecture 1 - Functional Units of Digital System & Their Interconnection

Uploaded by

Harsh Ojha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
171 views15 pages

Lecture 1 - Functional Units of Digital System & Their Interconnection

Uploaded by

Harsh Ojha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

UNIT 1 :- Lecture-1

Functional Units of Digital


System
&
their Interconnection
Computer Organization &
Architecture
A computer organization describes the functions and design of
the various units of digital computers.
Computer Architecture is defined as the functional operation of
the individual h/w unit in a computer system.
A computer architecture deals with the specification of an
instruction set and the hardware units that implement the
instructions.
A computer hardware consists of electronic circuits, displays,
magnetic and optic storage media and also the communication
facilities.
Digital Computer
 It is a processing machine that process the
information in digital form i.e. (0’s & 1’s).
 Means digital computer can only understand
binary language (0’s & 1’s).
 If any analog quantity is to be processed, they
must be converted into digital form before
processing
Digital computer Process
 The block diagram of a digital computer is
shown below. Whatever may be the type, size
and capacity of the computer, it should have
these five blocks.

Input Processing Output

Mr. Mukul Varshney


The Central Processing
Unit

Control & Timing Unit

Input Arithmetic and logical Output


(data & unit (Result after
Instructions) processing)

Main-memory(main-storage)
Rom & Ram

Auxiliary storage device


Functional units
Functional units is a part of a CPU that performs the
operations and calculations called for by the computer
program.
Computer consists of five main parts namely,
Input unit,
Central Processing Unit
•Memory unit
•Arithmetic & logical unit
•Control unit
Output unit
1. Input Unit
Input units are used by a
computer, which read the data.
The most commonly used input
devices are,

Fig: Keyboard
Fig: joysticks

Fig: Trackballs

Fig: Mouse Fig: Microphones


FUNCTIONAL UNITS
 Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU)

Logical Unit :After you enter data through the input device it is stored in the primary storage unit.
The actual processing of the data and instruction are performed by Arithmetic Logical Unit. The
major operations performed by the ALU are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logic and
comparison. Data is transferred to ALU from storage unit when required. After processing the output
is returned back to storage unit for further processing or getting stored.
Control Unit (CU)
The next component of computer is the Control Unit, which acts like the supervisor seeing that
things are done in proper fashion. Control Unit is responsible for co ordinating various operations
using time signal. The control unit determines the sequence in which computer programs and
instructions are executed. Things like processing of programs stored in the main memory,
interpretation of the instructions and issuing of signals for other units of the computer to execute
them. It also acts as a switch board operator when several users access the computer simultaneously.
Thereby it coordinates the activities of computer’s peripheral equipment as they perform the input
and output.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)


The ALU and the CU of a computer system are jointly known as the central processing unit. You may
call CPU as the brain of any computer system. It is just like brain that takes all major decisions,
makes all sorts of calculations and directs different parts of the computer functions by activating
and controlling the operations.
Memory unit
Two types of memory exist. they are,
Primary storage, and
Secondary storage
Primary storage:
Primary memory contains a large number of semiconductor storage
cells, capable of storing a bit of information.
The bits of information are grouped into fixed size
words. The word length of a computer is between 16-64
bits.
Addresses are used to access the words from
The memory is know as main memory in which program must resides.

Cache is also a kind of memory which is used to access the data very
soon. they are highly coupled with the processor.

Example: RAM,ROM.

Advantages:

Small, and

Fast

Disadvantag
es:

less storage capacity, and

costly
Secondary storage:
Secondary memory are used when
large amount of data and programs have to be
stored.
Fig: Magnetic disk
Example:
Magnetic disks,
Magnetic tapes, and
Fig: Magnetic tapes
Optical disks.

Fig: Optical disk


Output unit
Output units are used to send the processed results to the user.

Output devices display information in a way that you


can
understand. The most common output device is a monitor.

Output devices are pieces of equipment that are used to get


information or any other response out from computer. These
devices display information that has been held or generated
within a computer.
Some of the output units are,

Fig: Printer Fig: Graphics Displays Fig: CRT Displays

Fig: Microfilm

You might also like