BASIC CONCEPTS

PRINCIPLES FOR SCIENCE

ELEMENTARY EDUCATION

“Earth and Space Science includes Geology,

Meteorology & Astronomy”
 Geology- Focus in the 3 forms of
Rocks, Layer of Earth and the
meaning of volcano.
Meteorology- Focus on two Greeks
that philosopher contribute in
meteorology and weather
environment.
Astronomy- Focus on the
Universe, Galaxy and planet.
Igneous Rock. Some were once liquid magma
that erupted from volcanoes. They
cooled very quickly.
Others where once liquid magma,
but they didn't erupt from volcano,
instead they cooled slowly
underground.
Sedimentary -Form when loose (rock ,sand) is
Rocks deposit by the water compacted and
cemented together.
-Form as chemical reaction in the
water that leaves that leaves a
chemical deposit, usually on an
ocean bottom.
Metamorphic Rocks
-Form when igneous,sedimentary or other
metamorphic rocks are heated or
squished, forming a new rock type.
- Usually has interlocking crystal and
layers called (foliation)
-This can either happen underground or
above ground.
2 types of Igneous • Underground- High pressure and heat.
• Above ground - Volcano Erupting.
Rocks
Extrusive- Rocks that from
cooled lava. (above ground) Intrusive- Rocks that are from
They cooled very quickly, cooled magma. (Below ground)
therefore formed small crystal. They cooled very
slowly,therefore formed by
large crystal.
Extrusive Igneous Rocks Intrusive Igneous Rocks

EARTH
Crust- Describes the outer most shell of a terrestrial
planet.
-devided into, older, thicker continental crust and
younger denser oceanic crust.
Mantle- is a tectonic base are combination of the
outer mantle and the crust.
-the place where the plates touch each other is
known as the FAULT.
Outer Core - Made of hot liquid iron and Hot liquid
Nickel.
Inner Core- Made of solid, iron, and Nickel and its
about 1500 miles ft. It has the hottest surface around
9000-13000 Fahrenheit.
Volcano- A volcano is defined as an opening
in the Earth crust. Through which lava, ash
and gases erupt.
 Types of
Cinder Cone
Volcano
volcano Composite Volcano

Are the simplest type of

Also known as a
Volcano.
Stratovolcano, is a
-they are built from
conical volcano built up
particles and blobs of
by many layers of
congealed lava ejected
hardened lava and
from a single vent.
tephra.
 Lavadome Volcano Shield volcano

A Lava dome is a circular,

A shield volcano is a type of
mound-shaped protrusion
Volcano usually built almost
resulting from the slow
entirely of fluid lava flows.
extrusion of viscous lava
from a volcano.
Universe - is a wide open space that holds
everything we see in the sky, including our
home and the Earth.

- The Universe also includes living things,

planets, stars, galaxies, dust clouds, lights
and even Time.
- It contains a billion of galaxies, and also
contains a million to billions of stars.

GALAXY- A galaxy is a very large group

of stars, planet dust and gases.

- It consist of billion of stars. Just like

there are billion of stars in our galaxy,
there are billion of galaxies in our
universe.
 Types of
Galaxy

Flat disk, like shapes with a

bulge in the center.
Oval shapes and do not rotate, Rotating spirals or curved
contains less dust and gases arms.
compared to Spiral Galaxies. Contains a large amount of
dust and gases.
-mostly made up of old stars. 75% of all galaxies are
- 20% of all galaxies are spirals.
Elliptical.

-No definite shapes,

Only 3-5% of all galaxies
are irregular.
Mercury is the first planet from the Sun
and the smallest in the Solar System.
In English, it is named after the Roman
god Mercuries, god of commerce and
communication, and the messenger of
the gods. Mercury is classified as a
terrestrial planet, with roughly the
same surface gravity as Mars.

Venus is the second planet from

the Sun. It is a rocky planet with
the densest atmosphere of all the
rocky bodies in the Solar System,
and the closest in mass and size
to its orbital neighbour Earth.
Earth, our home planet, is a world unlike
any other. The third planet from the sun,
Earth is the only place in the known
universe confirmed to host life. With a
radius of 3,959 miles, Earth is the fifth
largest planet in our solar system, and
it's the only one known for sure to have
liquid water on its surface.

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun. The surface

of Mars is orange-red because it is covered in
iron(III) oxide dust, giving it the nickname "the Red
Planet". Mars hosts many enormous extinct volcanos
and one of the largest canyons in the Solar System.
For comparison, Mars's diameter is 6,779 km.
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the
Sun and the largest in the Solar
System. It is a gas giant with a mass
more than two and a half times that
of all the other planets in the Solar
System combined, and slightly less
than one one-thousandth the mass of
the Sun.

Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun

and the second-largest in the Solar
System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant
with an average radius of about nine-
and-a-half times that of Earth. It has
only one-eighth the average density of
Earth, but is over 95 times more
massive.
Uranus is the seventh planet from the
Sun. It is a gaseous cyan-coloured ice
giant. Most of the planet is made of
water, ammonia, and methane in a
supercritical phase of matter, which
in astronomy is called 'ice' or
volatiles.

Neptune is the eighth and

farthest known planet from the
Sun. It is the fourth-largest planet
in the Solar System by diameter,
the third-most-massive planet,
and the densest giant planet. It is
17 times the mass of Earth, and
slightly more massive than fellow
ice giant Uranus.
 TWO GREEKS PHILOSOPHER
CONTRIBUTE IN METEOROLOGY

1.) Aristotle- is a philosopher contribute in meteorology

and it is called “Aristotle Meteorologica”
(340 BC)
-It is the weather comprehensive in meteorological
subject.
-forecast the weather according to astrological

Father of Meteorology-
Luke Howard
-In the early 1800 Luke Howard recorded detailed
observation of weather in and around London.
-His comprehensive work layer the ground work
for understanding of how weather works and
offered suggestion ask why?
-Rain, wind, air pressure and even table & chart.
-Perhaps his greatest contribution was his essays
on “Modification of Clouds”
 WEATHER INSTRUMENT

1.) Barometer-A tool to measure

atmosphere pressure which is the force
exerted by the weight of air
-weather forecaster use a barometer to
measure air pressure and to tell if there
are storms coming.
 Also known as “DOPPLER” is an
instrument that send pulses of
electromagnetic energy into the
atmosphere to find precipitation,
determine its motion and intensity
2.) WEATHER and:
RADAR- -Identify the precipitation types such
as rain, snow or hail

On the primary source of data

above the ground.
-they provide valuable for
computer forecast model, local
3.)WEATHER data for meteorologic to make
BALLOON- forecast and predict storms and
date for research.