Chapter Four

IP Address and Sub-netting

Dursa a.
1
IP versions and Addressing

• Each TCP/IP host is identified by a logical IP address

• A unique IP address is required for each Host and Network component

that communicates using TCP/IP.
• Each IP address includes a Network ID and a Host ID
– The network ID identifies the systems that are located on the same physical
network bounded by IP routers.
– All systems on the same physical network must have the same network ID.

– The network ID must be unique to the internetwork.

– The host ID identifies a workstation, server, router, or other TCP/IP host

within a network.
– The address for each host must be unique to the network ID.
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IP versions and Addressing

• We have two versions of IP: IPv4 and IPv6

• IPv4 address is 32 bits long,
• IPv6 address is 128 bits long
• IPv4 (simply IP from now on) address consists of 32 bits of
information
• These bits are divided into four sections, referred to as
octets or bytes
• You can depict an IP address using one of three methods:
– Dotted-decimal: as in 172.16.30.56
– Binary: as in 10101100.00010000.00011110.00111000
– Hexadecimal: as in AC 10 1E 38

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Classifying IP Addresses

– There are five different address classes: A, B, C, D, and E.

– The first three classes A through C, each use a different size for the
network ID and host ID portion of the address
– Class D is for special type of address called a Multicast Address.

– Class E is an experimental address class that isn’t used.

– The 32-bit IP address is a structured or hierarchical address

– The first four bits of the IP address are used to determine into which
class a particular address fits

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– If the first bit is a zero (0), the address is Class A address.
– If the first two bits are 10, the address is a Class B address.
– If the first three bits are 110, the address is a Class C
address.
– If the first four bits are 1110, the address is a Class D
address.
– If the first four bits are 1111, the address is a Class E
address

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IP Address Classes

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Class A Addresses
– The first octet is the network ID, and the remaining three octets
are the host ID. = [ N. H. H. H]
– Only 126 Class A networks can exist in the entire Internet.
– Each Class A network can accommodate more than 16 million
hosts
– Only about 40 Class A addresses are actually assigned to
companies or organizations
– The rest are
• Either reserved for use by IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)
or
• Are assigned to organizations that manage IP assignments for
geographic regions such as Europe, Asia, and Latin America
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• Class A has 1 byte (8 bits) Network ID and from the binary
notation we see that Class A address starts with 0 so there are
total 7 bits that can be changed out of 8.
Therefore total number of blocks in Class A = 27 = 128
• There are 3 bytes (24 bits) for Host ID in Class A so
Total number of host in each block = 224 = 16,777,216
• So total number of addresses in Class A = No. of Blocks in Class
A x No. of Hosts in each block of Class A
=128 x 16,777,216
= 2,147,483,648
• This is 50% of the total addresses in IPv4.

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• Blocks of Class A

9
Class B addresses

– The first two octets of the IP address are used as the

Network ID, and the second two octets are used as the Host
ID. =[ N. N .H .H ]
– A total of 16, 384 Class B network can exist=214
– Each Class B address can accommodate more than 65,536 hosts=216

– Problem: careless assignment of Class B addresses can lead

to a large percentage of the available host addresses being
wasted on organizations that don’t need them.

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• Class B has 2 bytes (16 bits) netid and from the binary notation we see
that Class B address starts with 10, so there are total 14 bits that can
be changed out of 16.
Therefore total number of blocks in Class B = 214 = 16,384

• There are 2 bytes (16 bits) for hostid in Class B so

total number of host in each block = 216 = 65,536

• So total number of addresses in Class B = No. of Blocks in Class B x

No. of Hosts in each block of Class B
= 16,384 x 65,536
= 1,073,741,824
• This is 25% of the total addresses in IPv4.

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• Blocks of Class B

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Class C addresses

• The first three octets are used for network ID, and the
fourth octet is used for the host ID. = [N. N. N. H]

• Each Class C network can accommodate only 254

hosts
• Allow for more than 2 million networks

Problem: networks are too small

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Class C addresses… (CLASS WORK for 3” )

• Class C has 3 bytes (24 bits) netid and from the binary notation
Therefore total number of blocks = ?
• There is 1 byte (8 bits) for hostid in Class C so
Total number of host in each block = ?
• So total number of addresses in Class C = No. of Blocks in Class C x
No. of Hosts in each block of Class C
=?
• This is 25% of the total addresses in IPv4.
• Solution:
– Therefore total number of blocks = ? [221 ]=2,097,152
– Total number of host in each block = ? [28]=256
– Class C = [ 2,097,152 * 256]

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• Blocks of Class C

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Class D Addresses

• It consists of a single block. It is designed for multicasting.

224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
Class D
Single block of 268,435,456 addresses

Class E Addresses
• It also consists of a single block. It is reserved for future use.

Class E 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

Single block of 268,435,456 addresses

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Reserved addresses

• Addresses beginning 127 are reserved for loopback

and internal testing.
• xxx.0.0.0 reserved for network address
• xxx.255.255.255 reserved for broadcast

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The following table summarizes the details of each address
class

Class Address Number Starting Length of Number of Host

Range Bits Network ID Networks

A 1 – 126.x.y.z 0 8 126 16,777,214

B 128 – 191.x.y.z 10 16 16, 384 65,534

C 192 – 223.x.y.z 110 24 2,097,152 254

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Exercise 1: Address Class Identification

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Exercise 2: Network and Host Identification

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Subnets and Subnet Masks
– Subnetting is the process of creating networks that aren’t limited to
the scales provided by Class A, B, C IP addresses
– Subnetting is used to create smaller broadcast domains and to better
utilize the bits in the host ID.
– With subnetting, you can create networks with more realistic host
limits.
– Subnetting provides a more flexible way to designate which portion
of an IP address represents the network ID and which portion
represents the host ID.
– Subnetting lets you select an arbitrary number of bits to use for the
network ID
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Subnets and Subnet Masks…
– Two reasons compel people to use subnetting

• To allocate the limited IP address space more efficiently

• Performance reasons

– A subnet is a network that falls within a Class A, B, or C network

– Subnets are created by using one or more of the Class A, B, or C host

bits to extend the network ID
– subnets can have network IDs of any length

– The router is aware of the separate subnetted network IDs and will
route IP packets to the appropriate subnet.

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Subnets and Subnet Masks…

Network 131.107.0.0 before subnetting

Network 131.107.0.0 after subnetting 23

 Subnets and Subnet Masks…
• Subnet Masks
– A 32-bit number which is used to inform the router which portion of
the host ID should be used for the subnet network ID
– The bits of the subnet mask are defined as:
• All bits that correspond to the network ID are set to 1.
• All bits that correspond to the host ID are set to 0
– Each host on a TCP/IP network requires a subnet mask even on a
single-segment network
– A default subnet mask is based on the IP address classes
– The default subnet masks are
• Class A – 255.0.0.0
• Class B – 255.255.0.0
• Class C – 255.255.255.0

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Exercise 3: Default Subnet Masks
• Write the correct default subnet mask for each of the following
addresses:

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Subnets and Subnet Masks…
– To determine the network ID of an IP address, the router must have
both the IP address and the subnet mask.
– The router then performs a bitwise operation called a Logical AND
on the IP address in order to extract the network ID.

For example, here’s how the network address is extracted from an IP

address using the 20-bit subnet mask:
144 28 16 17
IP address: 10010000 00011100 00100000 00001001
Subnet mask: 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
Network ID: 10010000 00011100 00100000 00000000
144 28 16 0

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Subnets and Subnet Masks…

– Thus, the network ID for this subnet is 144.28.16.0

– Network Prefix is a shorthand notation that is used to indicate how

many bits of an IP address represent the network ID.
– The network prefix is indicated with a slash immediately after the IP
address, followed by the number of network ID bits to use

For example, the IP address 144.28.16.17 with the subnet mask

255.255.240.0 can be represented as 144.28.16.17/20

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Subnets and Subnet Masks…
– Network prefix notation is also called Classless Inter-Domain Routing
notation, or just CIDR for short
– The table lists the default subnet masks using the network prefix notation for
the subnet mask
Address Class Bits for Subnet Mask Network Prefix

Class A 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 /8

Class B 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 /16

Class C 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 /24

– Since all hosts on the same network must be using the same network ID, the
ID must be defined by the same subnet mask
– Example, 157.55.0.0/16 is not the same network ID as 157.55.0.0/24. The
network ID 157.55.0.0/16 implies a range of valid host IP addresses from
157.55.0.1 to 157.55.255.254. The network ID 157.55.0.0/24 implies a range of
valid host IP addresses from 157.55.0.1 to 157.55.0.254.
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Subnets and Subnet Masks…

– A few additional restrictions that are placed on subnet masks

are:
• The minimum number of network ID bits is eight.

• The maximum number of network ID bits is 30.

• Because the network ID is always composed of consecutive

bits set to 1, only nine values are possible for each octet of a
subnet mask (including 0).

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Example 4: Sub-netting
• Suppose we are using 255.255.240.0 as a subnet
mask and 172.16.0.0 as a Network address
(172.16.0.0/20)
• Answer these five questions:
1. How many subnets does the subnet mask produce?
2. How many valid hosts per subnet?
3. What are the valid subnets?
4. What are the valid hosts in each subnet?
5. What is the broadcast address of each subnet?
• How many subnets?
– 2x , where X is the amount of masked bits, or the 1s
In this example, . there are 24= 16 subnets
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Subnets and Subnet Masks…
– How many hosts per subnet?
• 2x – 2, where X is the amount of unmasked bits, or the 0s
In this example, there are 212 – 2 = 4094 hosts per subnet
– What are the valid subnets?
• 256 – subnet mask = base number.
For example, 256 – 240 = 16, 32, 48, … 224
– What is the broadcast address for each subnet?
• Broadcast address is all host bits turned on, which is the number
immediately after the last host number.

Valid subnet First Valid host Last Valid host Broadcast

16 16.1 31.254 31.255

32 32.1 47.254 47.255

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 Example 5:
192.168.10.0 =Network address
255.255.255.192 =Subnet address
1. How many subnets [ usable Host] ?
• 2x–2=amount of subnets. X is the amount of masked bits, or the 1s.
11000000 is 22–2. In this example, there are 2 subnets.
2. How many hosts per subnet?
• 2x–2=amount of hosts per subnet. X is the amount of unmasked bits, or
the 0s. 11000000 is 26–2. In this example, there are 62 hosts per subnet.
3. What are the valid subnets?
256–subnet mask = base number. For example, 256 – 192 = 64.

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 Exercise 6:
1, IP Address 192.100.10.0 and
subnet Mask: 255.255.255.240

2, IP Address=165.100.0.0
Subnet Mask=255.255.255.192

Solution:
1. Class C, Subnet = 14, Host=14, Borrowed bit=4
2. Class B, Subnet=1022, Host=62, Borrowed bit= 10

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Supernetting and Classless Inter-Domain Routing
• With the recent growth of the Internet, it became clear to the Internet
authorities that the class B network IDs would soon be depleted.
• For most organizations, a class C network ID does not contain enough
host IDs.
• A class B network ID has enough bits to provide a flexible subnetting
scheme within the organization.
• Rather than assigning a class B network ID, the Internet Network
Information Center (InterNIC) assigns a range of class C network IDs
that contain enough network and host IDs for the organization’s needs.
• This is known as supernetting.
– For example, rather than allocating a class B network ID to an organization
that has up to 2,000 hosts, the InterNIC allocates a range of 8 class C network
IDs.
– Each class C network ID accommodates 254 hosts, for a total of 2,032 host
IDs.
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Super-netting and Classless Inter-Domain Routing…

• While this technique helps conserve (save) class B network IDs, it

creates a new problem.
• Using conventional routing techniques, the routers on the Internet now
must have 8 class C network ID entries in their routing tables to route
IP packets to the organization.
• To prevent Internet routers from becoming overwhelmed with routes,
a technique called Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) is used.
• CIDR is used to collapse multiple network ID entries into a single entry
corresponding to all of the class C network IDs allocated to that
organization.
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Super-netting and Classless Inter-Domain Routing…

• Conceptually, CIDR creates the routing table entry: {Starting Network ID,
count},
– where Starting Network ID is the first class C network ID and the count is the
number of class C network IDs allocated.
• In practice, a supernetted subnet mask is used to convey the same
information. To express the situation where 8 class C network IDs are
allocated starting with Network ID 220.78.168.0:
Starting Network 220.78.168.0 10011110 01001110 10101000 00000000
ID
Ending Network 220.78.175.0 10011110 01001110 10101111 00000000
ID
• Note that the first 21 bits (underlined) of all the above Class C network IDs are the same.
• The last three bits of the third octet vary from 000 to 111
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Supernetting and Classless Inter-Domain Routing…

• The CIDR entry in the routing tables of the Internet routers becomes:

Network ID Subnet Mask Subnet Mask (binary)

220.78.168.0 255.255.248. 11111111 11111111 11111000

0 00000000

• In network prefix notation, the CIDR entry is 220.78.168.0/21.

• A block of addresses using CIDR is known as a CIDR block.
• In order to support CIDR, routers must be able to exchange routing
information in the form of {Network ID, Subnet Mask} pairs.
• RIP for IP version 2, OSPF, and BGPv4 are routing protocols that
support CIDR.

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Public and Private Addresses
– There are two types of addresses employed on the Internet, public
addresses and private addresses
– Public Addresses
• are assigned by InterNIC (Internet Network Information
Center)
• consist of class-based network IDs or blocks of CIDR-based
addresses (called CIDR blocks) that are guaranteed to be
globally unique to the Internet
– Private Address
• An IP address in the private address space is never assigned as a
public address
• IP addresses within the private address space are known as
private addresses

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Public and Private Addresses…
• The private address space is defined by the following
three address blocks:
• 10.0.0.0/8
– is a class A network ID
– allows the following range of valid IP addresses: 10.0.0.1 to
10.255.255.254
– has 24 host bits that can be used for any subnetting scheme
within the private organization
• 172.16.0.0/12
– interpreted either
• as a block of 16 class B network IDs or
• as a 20-bit assignable address space (20 host bits) which can be used
for any subnetting scheme within the private organization.
– allows the following range of valid IP addresses: 172.16.0.1
to 172.31.255.254.

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Public and Private Addresses…
• 192.168.0.0/16
– interpreted
• either as a block of 256 class C network IDs
• or as a 16-bit assignable address space (16 host bits), which can be used
for any subnetting scheme within the private organization
– allows the following range of valid IP addresses: 192.168.0.1 to
192.168.255.254
• Traffic to destination private addresses are not reachable
on the Internet.
• Internet traffic from a host that has a private address must
– either send its requests to an application layer gateway (such as a
proxy server), which has a valid public address,
– or have its private address translated into a valid public address
by a network address translator (NAT) before it is sent on the
Internet

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 QUIZ (5%)
1. 137.107.0.1 belongs to class________.
2. Extract the network address from 144.28.16.17 using the 19-bit subnet mask?
3. Represent the IP address 172.16.0.0 and subnet mask 255.255.192.0 using
network prefix notation?
4. If the first four bits are 1110, the address is a Class __________ address.
5. Given : 192.168.10.0 =Network address
255.255.255.192 =Subnet address
1. How many Subnet?
2. How many hosts per subnet?
3. What are valid subnet?
**Show the Steps clearly
and neatly for all
questions.**
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IPv6

• To create a much larger address space and relieve a

projected future shortage of IP addresses, IPv6 was created.
• IPv6 addresses consist of 128 bits, instead of 32 bits, and
include a scope field that identifies the type of application
suitable for the address.
• IPv6 does not support broadcast addresses, but instead uses
multicast addresses for broadcast.
• In addition, IPv6 defines a new type of address called
anycast. 42
IPv6

• IPv6 addresses are written using hexadecimal, as opposed to

dotted decimal in IPv4.
• Because an hexadecimal number uses 4 bits this means that an
IPv6 address consists of 32 hexadecimal numbers.
• These numbers are grouped in 4’s giving 8 groups or blocks.
The groups are written with a : (colon) as a separator.

group1:group2: ……etc…. :group8

• Increase in number of addresses
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IPv6 Address Representation

• IPv6 addresses consist of 8 groups of 16-bit hexadecimal

values separated by colons (:).
• IPv6 addresses have the following format:

aaaa:aaaa:aaaa:aaaa:aaaa:aaaa:aaaa:aaaa
• Each aaaa is a 16-bit hexadecimal value, and each a is a 4-
bit hexadecimal value.
• Following is a sample IPv6 address:

3FFE:0000:0000:0001:0200:F8FF:FE75:50DF
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IPv6 Address Representation

• Following is a sample IPv6 address:

3FFE:0000:0000:0001:0200:F8FF:FE75:50DF
• You can omit the leading zeros of each 16-bit group, as
follows:
3FFE:0:0:1:200:F8FF:FE75:50DF
• You can compress 16-bit groups of zeros to double colons
(::) as shown in the following example, but only once per
address:
3FFE::1:200:F8FF:FE75:50DF 45
IPv6 Address Representation

• An IPv6 address prefix is a combination of an IPv6 prefix

(address) and a prefix length.
• The prefix takes the form ipv6-prefix/prefix-length and represents
a block of address space (or a network).
• The ipv6-prefix variable follows general IPv6 addressing rules.
• The /prefix-length variable is a decimal value that indicates the
number of contiguous, higher-order bits of the address that make
up the network portion of the address.
• For example, 10FA:6604:8136:6502::/64 is a possible IPv6
46
prefix.
IPv6 Address Types

• IPv6 has three types of addresses:

– Unicast - For a single interface.
– Multicast - For a set of interfaces on the same physical
medium. A packet is sent to all interfaces associated with
the address.
– Anycast - For a set of interfaces on different physical
media. A packet is sent to only one of the interfaces
associated with this address, not to all the interfaces.
47
IPv6 Address Scope
• Unicast and multicast IPv6 addresses support address
scoping, which identifies the application suitable for
the address.
• Unicast addresses support global address scope and
two types of local address scope:
– Link-local unicast addresses—Used only on a single
network link. The first 10 bits of the prefix identify the
address as a link-local address. Link-local addresses cannot
be used outside the link.
– Site-local unicast addresses—Used only within a site or
intranet. A site consists of multiple network links. Site-
local addresses identify nodes inside the intranet and
cannot be used outside the site. 48
IPv6 Address Scope

• Multicast addresses support 16 different types of address

scope, including node, link, site, organization, and global
scope.
• A 4-bit field in the prefix identifies the address scope

49
IPv6 Address Structure

• Unicast addresses identify a single interface.

• Each unicast address consists of n bits for the prefix, and
128 – n bits for the interface ID.
• Multicast addresses identify a set of interfaces.
• Each multicast address consists of the first 8 bits of all 1s, a 4-
bit flags field, a 4-bit scope field, and a 112-bit group ID:
11111111 | flgs | scop | group ID
• The first octet of 1s identifies the address as a multicast
address. 50
IPv6 Address Structure

• The flags field identifies whether the multicast address is a

well-known address or a transient multicast address.
• The scope field identifies the scope of the multicast address.

• The 112-bit group ID identifies the multicast group.

• Similar to multicast addresses, anycast addresses

identify a set of interfaces.
• However, packets are sent to only one of the
interfaces, not to all interfaces. 51
IPv6 Address Structure

• Anycast addresses are allocated from the normal unicast

address space and cannot be distinguished from a unicast
address in format.
• Therefore, each member of an anycast group must be
configured to recognize certain addresses as anycast addresses.

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Thank You

?
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