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Variables and Types Lesson 2

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Edrian Bautista
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7 views

Variables and Types Lesson 2

Uploaded by

Edrian Bautista
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Classifying Types of Variables and

Measurement

Describe and try to compare the


two diagrams below.
Variable is a
characteristics or attribute of
persons or objects that can
assume different values for
different persons or objects.
EXAMPLE

Name of Variable Possible Values


X(Age of the students) X = 10, 11, 12, 13…
G(Gender) Male, Female
R(Religion) Catholic, Islam, Iglesia ni Kristo
W(Weight) W≥ 0
N(Number of Children) N = 1, 2, 3…
S(Service) Excellent, Very Good,
Satisfactory, Good
The possible values for some
variable are not numerical. These
values tell the attribute of
respondents and therefore
categorical. On the table above,
these are the gender and religion.
Can you give some variables
which are of this kind? On the
other hand, for the age of the
student, weight and number of
children give numerical values.
Can you think of other variables
that also gives numerical values?
Classification of Variables
There are two basic
classifications of variables and these
are qualitative and quantitative.

Qualitative Variable takes on


values that refer to kind rather than
amount. Values of the variable are
results of information that has been
sorted into categories. These are
sometimes called categorical data.
EXAMPLE

a. Civil status (single, married,


widowed, separated)
b. Color (red, blue, green)
c. Grade level (Grade 7, Grade
8, Grade 9, Grade 10)
Quantitative Variable
takes on numerical value
that can be measured on a
numerical scale. Values of
the variable are
answerable by the
questions ‘how much?’ or
‘how many?’
EXAMPLE

a. Allowance of Grade 7 students


b. Weight of a new born baby
c. Number of brothers and sisters
in the family
Types of Quantitative
Variable

Quantitative variables
can further be classified
as discrete and
continuous.
Discrete Variable can
assume an exact numerical
value and pertains only to a
number of a definite object.
Any data obtained from
counting is considered
discrete. It takes only values
that are positive integers.
EXAMPLE

a. Number of Grade 7 students


b. Number of active volcanoes
c. Number of teacher applicants in high
school
d. Number of registered voters in the
country
Continuous Variable
can assume an
uncountable, infinite
number of values. Any data
obtained from measuring is
considered continuous. It
may take an integer and
most of the time a decimal
value.
EXAMPLE

a.Volume of water in a
cylinder
b.Weight of a dressed chicken
c.Price of food
d.Body temperature
Levels of Measurement

Measurement is the
process of determining the
value or level, either
qualitative or quantitative of
a particular variable.
All of the variables and
data mentioned can be
considered measurement but
of different degree or level.
There are four levels of
measurement and these are
as follows which are given in
hierarchal order.
1. Nominal Scale

This is the weakest form of


measurement since numbers or
symbols are used simply to
classify an object person or
characteristics. The different
categories are of equal
importance-it does not account
for differences among categories.
EXAMPLE

a. Gender (male, female)


b. Color (blue, red, green)
c. Religion (Catholic, Protestant,
Islam, Other)
d. Home ownership (yes, no)
2. Ordinal Scale

This scale contains all the


properties of nominal scale and in
addition, the numbers assigned to the
categories of any variable may be
ranked or ordered in some low-to-high
manner and therefore, categories or
possible values of the variable are not
equal. However, the differences
between these values cannot be
determined.
EXAMPLE

a. Size (small, medium, large)


b. Awards (first place, second
place, third place)
c. Order in the family (1st child,
2nd child, 3rd child)
d. Grade level (Grade 7, Grade 8,
Grade 9, Grade 10)
3. Interval Scale

It has the properties of


nominal and ordinal scales and in
addition, distances between any
two numbers on the scale are of
known sizes. It is considerably
stronger than that of the ordinal
level. The units of measurement
are arbitrary and there is no true
zero point.
Note:

Zero does not mean the


absence of characteristics.
EXAMPLE

a. Temperature (in degrees


Celsius or Fahrenheit)
b. IQ test scores
c. Calendar dates (Gregorian,
Islamic or Hebrew)
4. Ratio Scale

Contains all the


properties of the interval scale
and in addition, it has a true
zero or absolute zero point. It
is the highest level of
measurement.
EXAMPLE

a. Height (in inches or centimeter)


b. Weight (in pounds or kilograms)
c. Income (in pesos or dollars)
The scale of measurement
depends mainly on the method of
measurement and not on the
property being measured. To
illustrate, the weight of a tray of
eggs measured in grams has an
interval or ratio scale. However, if
the boxes are labeled as one of
small, medium and large, the
weight is then measured in
ordinal scale.
KEYNOTES
• Qualitative variables are
measured either on nominal
or ordinal scale. These
scales are the lowest level
of measurement because
difference between
categories cannot be
determined.
• Quantitative variables
are measured either
on an interval or on a
ratio scale. These are
the highest level of
measurement because
the difference
between categories
can be determined.

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