Scribd
Upload
20 views14 pages

Integrated Science Assignment-2

Uploaded by

giganiga3132
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
20 views14 pages

Integrated Science Assignment-2

Uploaded by

giganiga3132
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

• NAME:ALEENA SAFDAR

CLASS:GRADE 10
SUBJECT:INTEGRATED
SCIENCE
TEACHER:SIR HARDEO
MAHADEO
• INFORMATION ON
DEFUSION
OSMOSIS
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
OSMOSIS

• Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions,


molecules, energy) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in concentration.
TYPES OF DIFFUSION

Simple diffusion inA process in which the substance moves through a


semipermeable membrane or in a solution without any help from transport
proteins. For example, bacteria deliver small nutrients, water and oxygen into
the cytoplasm through simple diffusion.
• Facilitated diffusion-is a passive movement of molecules across the cell
membrane from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower
concentration by means of a carrier molecule
OSMOSIS

• Osmosis is a vital process in biological systems, as biological membranes are semipermeable. In


general, these membranes are impermeable to large and polar molecules, such as ions, proteins,
and polysaccharides, while being permeable to non-polar or hydrophobic molecules like lipids as
well as to small molecules like oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and nitric oxide. Permeability
depends on solubility, charge, or chemistry, as well as solute size. Water molecules travel through
the plasma membrane, tonoplast membrane (vacuole) or protoplast by diffusing across the
phospholipid bilayer via aquaporins (small transmembrane proteins similar to those responsible
for facilitated diffusion and ion channels). Osmosis provides the primary means by which water is
transported into and out of cells. The turgor pressure of a cell is largely maintained by osmosis
across the cell membrane between the cell interior and its relatively hypotonic environment.
TYPES OF OSMOSIS

• Endosmosis– When a substance is placed in a hypotonic solution, the solvent


molecules move inside the cell and the cell becomes turgid or undergoes
deplasmolysis. This is known as endosmosis.
• Exosmosis– When a substance is placed in a hypertonic solution, the solvent
molecules move outside the cell and the cell becomes flaccid or undergoes
plasmolysis. This is known as exosmosis.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT

• In cellular biology, active transport is the movement of molecules across a


cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher
concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires
cellular energy to achieve this movement. There are two types of active
transport: primary active transport that uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP),
and secondary active transport that uses an electrochemical gradient.
• Types of Active transport
• There are two types of active transport namely – Primary active transport and secondary active transport.
• Primary active transport
• In this process of transportation, the energy is utilized by the breakdown of the ATP – Adenosine triphosphate
to transport molecules across the membrane against a concentration gradient. Therefore, all the groups of ATP
powered pumps contain one or more binding sites for the ATP molecules, which are present on the cytosolic
face of the membrane. Basically, the primary active transport uses external chemical energy such as the ATP.
• Sodium-potassium pump, the most important pump in the animal cell is considered as an example of primary
active transport. In this process of transportation, the sodium ions are moved to the outside of the cell and
potassium ions are moved to the inside of the cell.
• Secondary active transport
• Secondary active transport is a kind of active transport that uses electrochemical energy. It takes
place across a biological membrane where a transporter protein couples the movement of an
electrochemical ion (typically Na+ or H+) down its electrochemical gradient to the upward
movement of another molecule or an ion against a concentration or electrochemical gradient.
• Electrochemical Gradient
• Electrochemical gradient exists whenever there is a net difference in charges. The positive and
negative charges of a cell are separated by a membrane, where the inside of the cell has extra
negative charges than outside. The membrane potential of a cell is -40 to -80 millivolts.
• Active Transport in Plants
• Like humans and animals, plants also require transport systems which are mainly involved in the
transport of materials, such as water, minerals, and necessary nutrients to all parts of the plant for its
survival.
• Active transport is a mode of transportation in plants, which uses stored energy to move the particles
against the concentration gradient. In a plant cell, it takes place in the root cells by absorbing water
and minerals. Active transport always leads to accumulation of molecules are ions towards one side
of the membrane. This mode of transportation in plants is carried out by membrane proteins and
transports the substance from the lower concentration to higher concentration.

You might also like