Data Handling &

Probability
RB12CY031
BAR CHARTS AND PIE CHARTS
 Starter
Average monthly temperature in Wellington (New Zealand) and London (UK)

20
18
Temperature

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Month London
What is wrong with the data in this bar chart? Wellington
Aims and objectives

3.1 Present statistical data using:

• Line graphs
• Scatter graphs

3.2 Interpret graphs and charts

 Line graphs

• If you measure 10 people’s

heights, you are making a single
observation of each member in
a sample size of ten.

• However if you measure their

weights as well as their heights
then you are making ten pairs of
observations.

• Pairs of observations can be plotted on a line graph.

 Line Graphs
Line graphs are made by joining the tops of
bar-line graphs. This makes is easier to see
the shape of the graph. Line Graphs are
used to show trend, i.e. how the data has
changed over time.

Temperature in London

20 For example, the line graph above shows

18
16
that the temperature is falling each hour,
14
whilst the graph on the left shows
Temperature (ºC)

12
10
8
temperature in London, in ºC, over a 12-
6 hour period, gradually increasing, peaking
4
2 at 2pm and then decreasing.
0
6 am 7 am 8 am 9 am 10 am 11 am 12 pm 1 pm 2 pm 3 pm 4 pm 5 pm 6 pm

Time
 Reading Line Graphs

10 The data below shows the

maximum outside air
temperature as recorded
8 by a gardener over a five
day period in January..
Temperature oC

Mon 4oC
4
Tue 7oC
Wed 3oC
2 Thu 1o C
Fri 8oC
0
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
 Reading Line Graphs

28 The line graph shows the

28 – 26 = maximum outside air
2 degrees temperature as recorded
26 by a gardener over a five
day period in August.
Temperature oC

24 What was the recorded

temperature on Tuesday?
22 21 What was the difference
in temperature between
Wednesday and Friday?
20
Which two consecutive
days saw the largest
0 change in temperature?
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
Tuesday and Wednesday
We can use line graphs to make estimates

Calories burned w hile running

240
220
200
Calories

180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

Minutes

E.g. 1) How many calories would I burn if I worked out for 75 minutes?
2) How long would it take me to burn 200 calories?
 How to plot a line graph?
•A line graph ALWAYS has a title! • It is important to make sure that the
intervals on your y-axis are always
equal.
•When you are making a line graph, the x-axis is
always horizontal, and the y-axis is always
vertical.
• When setting up a line graph, you need
•Time is always plotted on the x-axis to decide what intervals you want to
use.
•The x and y-axis usually starts with zero on a • E.g. If you are graphing the temperature for a year, do
line graph you want to put 365 days on the graph, and 100 different
temperatures?

•There must be a label on each axis that

describes the information.
• A horizontal flat line means that there
was no change during a specific time
. period.
Plotting line graphs

Water was heated for 10 minutes and the

temperature of the water was measured
at intervals of 1 minute.

The data was recorded in a frequency

table (on the right).

Plot this information onto a graph by

accurately placing a small cross at the
point where the values of time and
temperature intersect.
Making estimates from line graphs

Answer the following questions?

• What was the temperature

after 4.5 minutes?

• What was the temperature

after 9.5 minutes?

• How long did it take to boil the

water?
 Exercise
I recorded the temperature in my classroom every hour, the data is shown
below.

Display this data in a line graph and answer the following questions;

1) What was the temperature inside the classroom at 10.30am?

2) What was the temperature inside the classroom at 11.30am?
3) Why are the answers to question 1 and 2 only estimations?
Line graph to show the change in temperature outside my
classroom

Answer the following questions;

1) What was the temperature
inside the classroom at
10.30am?

2) What was the temperature

inside the classroom at
11.30am?

3) Why are the answers to

question 1 and 2 only
estimations?
Aims and objectives

3.1 Present statistical data using:

• Line graphs
• Scatter graphs

3.2 Interpret graphs and charts

 Scatter Graphs

Scatter graphs are used to show whether there is a relationship

between two sets of data. The relationship between the data can be
described as either:

1. A positive correlation. As one quantity increases so does the other.

2. A negative correlation. As one quantity increases the other decreases.

3. No correlation. Both quantities vary with no clear relationship.

Soup Sales

Shoe Size
Height

Shoe Size Temperature Annual Income

Positive Correlation Negative correlation No correlation
 Scatter Graphs

Scatter graphs are used to show whether there is a relationship

between two sets of data. The relationship between the data can be
described as either:

1. A positive correlation. As one quantity increases so does the other.

2. A negative correlation. As one quantity increases the other decreases.

3. No correlation. Both quantities vary with no clear relationship.

A negative
positive correlation
correlation is
is characterised
characterised by
by aa straight
straight line
line with
with aa positive
negativegradient.
gradient.
Soup Sales

Shoe Size
Height

Shoe Size Temperature Annual Income

 State the type of correlation for the scatter graphs below
and write a sentence describing the relationship in each case.
Physics test scores

1 Positive 2 Negative 3 None

Petrol consumption
(mpg)

Height
Maths test scores Car engine size (cc) KS 3 Results
People
There
As
Thethe is
with
older nothe
tend relationship
higher
engine
outside
tosize
car
buy maths
air the between
scores
temperature
of
more
cars
less
sun tend
KSwhen
increase,
itscream
value. 3to
results
increases,
they get
the
use higher
and the
heating
weather
more physics
isheight
bills
petrol.
will scores.
of
sunnier.
(Less
be students.
lower.
mpg)
4 6
Sales of Sun cream

Negative 5 Positive Negative

Value of car (£)

Heating bill (£)

Outside air temperature Daily hours of sunshine Age of car (years)

A positive or negative correlation is characterised by a straight line
with a positive /negative gradient. The strength of the correlation
depends on the spread of points around the imagined line.

Strong Positive Moderate Positive Weak Positive

Strong negative Moderate Negative Weak negative

 Drawing a Line of Best Fit

A line of best fit can be drawn for data that shows a correlation. The
stronger the correlation between the data, the easier it is to draw
the line. The line can be drawn by eye and should have roughly the
same number of data points on either side.

Lobf

The sum of the vertical distances above the line should be roughly
the same as those below.
(1). The table below shows the shoe size and mass of 10 men.
Plotting the data points/Drawing a line of best fit/Answering questions.
(a) Plot a scatter graph for this data and draw a line of best fit.

Size 5 12 7 10 10 9 8 11 6 8
Mass 65 97 68 92 78 78 76 88 74 80

100
95
Scatter graphs
90 don’t have to
85 start at 0
Mass (kg)

80
75
70
65
60

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Shoe Size
Question 1
(1). The table below shows the shoe size and mass of 10 men.
(a) Plot a scatter graph for this data and draw a line of best fit.

Size 5 12 7 10 10 9 8 11 6 8
Mass 65 97 68 92 78 78 76 88 74 80

100
95
90
85
Mass (kg)

80
75
70
65
60

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Shoe Size
(1). The table below shows the shoe size and mass of 10 men.
(a) Plot a scatter graph for this data and draw a line of best fit.

Size 5 12 7 10 10 9 8 11 6 8
Mass 65 97 68 92 78 78 76 88 74 80

100
95
90
85
Mass (kg)

80
75
70
65
60

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Shoe Size
(1). The table below shows the shoe size and mass of 10 men.
(a) Plot a scatter graph for this data and draw a line of best fit.

Size 5 12 7 10 10 9 8 11 6 8
Mass 65 97 68 92 78 78 76 88 74 80

100
95
90
85
Mass (kg)

80
75
70
65
60

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Shoe Size
(1). The table below shows the shoe size and mass of 10 men.
(a) Plot a scatter graph for this data and draw a line of best fit.

Size 5 12 7 10 10 9 8 11 6 8
Mass 65 97 68 92 78 78 76 88 74 80

100
95
90
85
Mass (kg)

80
75
70
65
60

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Shoe Size
(1). The table below shows the shoe size and mass of 10 men.
(a) Plot a scatter graph for this data and draw a line of best fit.

Size 5 12 7 10 10 9 8 11 6 8
Mass 65 97 68 92 78 78 76 88 74 80

100
95
90
85
Mass (kg)

80
75
70
65
60

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Shoe Size
(1). The table below shows the shoe size and mass of 10 men.
(a) Plot a scatter graph for this data and draw a line of best fit.

Size 5 12 7 10 10 9 8 11 6 8
Mass 65 97 68 92 78 78 76 88 74 80

100
95
90
85
Mass (kg)

80
75
70
65
60

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Shoe Size
(1). The table below shows the shoe size and mass of 10 men.
(a) Plot a scatter graph for this data and draw a line of best fit.

Size 5 12 7 10 10 9 8 11 6 8
Mass 65 97 68 92 78 78 76 88 74 80

100
95
90
85
Mass (kg)

80
75
70
65
60

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Shoe Size
(1). The table below shows the shoe size and mass of 10 men.
(a) Plot a scatter graph for this data and draw a line of best fit.

Size 5 12 7 10 10 9 8 11 6 8
Mass 65 97 68 92 78 78 76 88 74 80

100
95
90
85
Mass (kg)

80
75
70
65
60

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Shoe Size
(1). The table below shows the shoe size and mass of 10 men.
(a) Plot a scatter graph for this data and draw a line of best fit.

Size 5 12 7 10 10 9 8 11 6 8
Mass 65 97 68 92 78 78 76 88 74 80

100
95 (b) Draw a line of best fit
and comment on the
90 87 kg correlation.
85
(c) Use your line of best fit
Mass (kg)

80
to estimate:
75
(i) The mass of a man with
70 shoe size 10.5
65 (ii) The shoe size of a man
Size 6
60 with a mass of 68

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Shoe Size
(2).The table below shows the number of people who visited a museum
over a 10 day period last summer together with the daily sunshine totals.
(a) Plot a scatter graph for this data and draw a line of best fit.
Hours Sunshine 6 0.5 8 3 8 10 7 5 3 2
Visitors 300 475 100 390 200 50 175 220 350 320
500
450
Number of Visitors

400
350
300
250
200
150
100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Hours of Sunshine
Question2
(2).The table below shows the number of people who visited a museum
over a 10 day period last summer together with the daily sunshine totals.
(a) Plot a scatter graph for this data and draw a line of best fit.
Hours Sunshine 6 0.5 8 3 8 10 7 5 3 2
Visitors 300 475 100 390 200 50 175 220 350 320
500
450 (b) Draw a line of best fit
and comment on the
Number of Visitors

400 correlation.
350
(c) Use your line of best fit
300
310 to estimate:
250
(i) The number of visitors
200 for 4 hours of sunshine.
150 (ii) The hours of sunshine
5½
100 when 250 people visit.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Hours of Sunshine
Drawing a Scatter Graph
Title

Axis
Labels Line of Best Fit
Does not have to
go through the
origin (where the axis
meet)
Scale
Doesn’t have
to start at 0
 TASK: Get into groups of 4 or 5

•Using a measuring tape, measure the height and hand span of everyone in your group

•Swap your results with each group until cm

you have the results for the whole class

•Display your results on a scatter graph and draw a line of best fit
(everyone in the group is to draw a graph)

cm
Answer the following questions about your graph;

•What type of correlation does your graph show?

•What does this mean?
•What would be a good estimate of someone's height if they had a hand span of 16cm?
•What would be a good estimate of the hand span of someone with a height of 160cm?
 Scatter graph to show the correlation between the
height and hand span of my class
Answer the following questions about your
graph;

•graph
What type of correlation does your
show?

•What does this mean?

•estimate
What would be a good
of someone's height if they
had a hand span of 16cm?

•estimate
What would be a good
of the hand span of someone
with a height 160cm?
Aims and objectives

3.1 Present statistical data using:

• Line graphs
• Scatter graphs

3.2 Interpret graphs and charts

Homewor
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