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Block Diagrams

Block diagrams represent systems using blocks that show the flow of information between inputs and outputs. Blocks can be connected in series, parallel or feedback configurations. The overall transfer function is found by multiplying transfer functions in series or summing in parallel. Feedback loops modify transfer functions and allow closed-loop control.

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46 views76 pages

Block Diagrams

Block diagrams represent systems using blocks that show the flow of information between inputs and outputs. Blocks can be connected in series, parallel or feedback configurations. The overall transfer function is found by multiplying transfer functions in series or summing in parallel. Feedback loops modify transfer functions and allow closed-loop control.

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adaptive4u4527
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https://www.mdpi.

com/2227-9717/10/4/619
• Block diagram representation is one of the important steps in system design.
• Block diagram shows flow of information.
• It represents a system or subsystem.
It acts like a multiplicative link between input and output.
• It helps in system simplification, by reducing/summing the blocks.
Block Diagrams
A block diagram is a system representation in frequency domain.

a multiplicative link between input and output.


Y2=5

y2=
Unmanned Free-swimming Submersible Vehicle
• Arrow shows the direction of flow of information/signal. They
represents the input and output signals. Can be velocity, pressure,
force, acceleration.,,,,
• A summing point collects the signals. It adds or subtract the signals.

input output

Inertial Mass
1/m

Integral (a*dt)
Block diagrams follows linearity and time-invariance same as transfer functions.

u1 y1
y1
f

f f(y1+y2)
f(y1+y2)
u2 y2
f y2
Take-off of Pick-off point
It is a distribution point that distributes the signals.
Common Topologies for Interconnecting Subsystems
1- Cascaded Form (series Form)
The blocks are connected in series.
The overall transfer function is the multiplication of transfer functions of each block.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5yLydQL6koU
U(s) 1 X(s) 2 Y(s)
5 𝑠 +7 6 𝑠 +10
G1
2- Parallel Connection (sharing a signal input)
• The blocks are connected in parallel.
The equivalent transfer function is the sum/difference of the individual transfer functions.
Blocks in Parallel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QegeH7oqo28
U(s) 1 X(s)
5 𝑠 +7

2 Y(s)
6 𝑠 +10
y=
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkCuOXDFLUk
Feedback Form
Feedback is giving back parts of output to the input.
It is important part in closed-loop control.
Negative Feedback
X(s)= Y(s)X(s)

H(s) is feedback factor.


G(s)*H(s) is called loop gain or open-loop transfer function.
Negative
Feedback

Negative sign shows it is negative feedback

Positive Feedback

Positive sign shows it is positive feedback


• The gain from input to output without feedback is called forward path gain G(s)
• Forward path is product of blocks between the loop input and the variable
concerned.
• Loop gain/loop transfer function is everything in the loop (i.e. product of all block
transfer functions in the loop).
Feedback Loop Example

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkCuOXDFLUk
• Gry=

• Gru=

• Gre=
http://engineeronadisk.com/V2/book_modelling/engineeronadisk-168.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMmthuU-4s4
• https://jckantor.github.io/CBE30338/05.02-Closed--Loop-Transfer-
Functions-for-Car-Cruise-Control.html
𝒇
𝒇
𝒇
There are 2 inputs to the system; reference or set-point r(s) and disturbance(or noise) d(s)

Short cut formula

Here e(s), u(s) and y (s) are the outputs, y(s) is the final output.
First find these outputs using input r(s) only (it means d(s) =0) using the short cut method.
• Now, find these outputs using input d(s) only (it means r(s) =0) using the short cut method.

• Combining both results using Superposition theorem yields


𝐺3
G1*G2
1+G 3* 𝐾 1
Simplify
https://www.circuitbread.com/tutorials/block-diagrams-1-4
Gru= feedback(M, G)
Gry= feedback(M*G, G)
Grz= feedback(M*K, G*H*T)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmrShkYMGvc
Two systems connected in series/Cascade connection

a=[1 1]; b=[500 0 0];


c=tf(a,b)
d=[ 1 1]; e=[1 2];
f=tf(d,e)
G=series(c,f)
a=[1 1]; b=[500 0 0];
c=tf(a,b)
d=[ 1 1]; e=[1 2];
f=tf(d,e)
G=series(c,f)
t=feedback(c,f
)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kT6qfeE5coo
Find the overall transfer function using MATLAB.

a=4; b=[ 1 1 2];


c=tf(a,b)
d=[1 0]; e=[ 1 2];
f=tf(d,e)
g=feedback(series(c,f),1)
As k increases, pole shifts towards left more, system responds faster
Find the overall transfer function using MATLAB.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmBhnkvikuA

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