1.

01 – Evolution of Computers

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING I
 Mechanical Devices

Pascaline (1642)
 Set of gears, similar to clock
 Only performed addition

Stepped Reckoner
 Gottfried Leibniz
 Cylindrical wheel with movable
carriage
 Add, subtract, multiply, divide,
square roots
 Jammed/malfunctioned
 Mechanical Devices

Difference Machine (1822)

 Charles Babbage
 Produce table of numbers used
by ships’ navigators.
 Never built

Analytical Machine (1833)

 Perform variety of calculations
by following a set of instructions
(or program) on punched cards
 Never built
 Used as a model for modern computer
 Mechanical Devices

Babbage’s chief collaborator on the Analytical

Machine was Ada Byron.

Ada Byron
 Sponsor of Analytical Machine
 One of first people to realize its
power and significance
 Often called the first programmer
because she wrote a program based on the design of the
Analytical Machine.
 Electro-Mechanical Devices

Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine

 Herman Hollerith – used electricity
 For US Census
 Holes representing information to
be tabulated were punched in cards
 Successful
Mark I (1944)
 IBM & Harvard
 Mechanical telephone replay switches to store information and
accepted data on punch cards.
 Highly sophisticated calculator - unreliable
The Mark 1
 First Generation Computers

Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

 Built b/w 1939-1942
 Used binary number system
 Vacuum tubes
 Stored info by electronically burning holes in
sheets of paper.
ENIAC
 Electronic Numerical Integration and Calculator
 1943, 30 tons, 1500 sq ft., 17,000+ vacuum tubes
 Secret military project during WWII to calculate
trajectory of artillery shells.
 Solve a problem in 20 min that would have take
a team of mathematicians three days to solve.
 What is a Computer?

An electronic machine that accepts data, processes it

according to instructions, and provides the results as
new data.
 The Stored Program Computer

Alan Turing & John von Neumann

 Mathematicians with the idea of stored programs
Turing
 Developed idea of “universal machine”
 Perform many different tasks by changing a program (list of
instructions)
Von Neumann
 Presented idea of stored program concept
 The stored program computer would store computer
instructions in a CPU.
 The Stored Program Computer

Von Neumann, Mauchly and Eckert designed & built

the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer) and the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Computer)
 Designed to solve many
problems by simply entering
new instructions stored on
paper tape.
 Machine language (1’s & 0’s)
 The Stored Program Computer

Mauchly & Eckert built 3rd computer (UNIVAC -

UNIVersal Automatic Computer)
 1st computer language – C-10 (developed by Betty Holberton)
 Holberton also developed first keyboard and numeric keypad
 First UNIVAC sold to US Census Bureau in 1951
 Second Generation Computers

1947, Bell Lab (Shockley, Bardeen, Brittain)

 Invented the transistor
 Replaced many vacuum tubes
 Less expensive, increased
calculating speeds

Model 650 (early 1960s)

 IBM introduced first
medium-sized
computer (Model 650)
 Still expensive
 Second Generation Computers

Change in way data was stored

Magnetic tape and high speed

reel-to-reel tape machines
replaced punched cards
Magnetic tape gave computers
ability to read (access) and write
(store) data quickly and reliably
 Third Generation Computers

Integrated circuits (ICs) – replaced transistors

 Kilby and Noyce – working independently developed the IC
(chip)

ICs
 Silicon wafers with intricate circuits etched in their surfaces
and then coated with a metallic oxide that fills in the etched
circuit patterns

IBM System 360 (1964)

 One of first comptuers to use IC
 Mainframes

A large computer that is usually

used for multi-user applications

IBM System 360 one of first

mainframes

Used terminals to communicate

with mainframe
 Fourth Generation Computer

Microprocessor (1970)
 Hoff at Intel Corp, invented microprocessor
 Entire CPU on a chip
 Makes possible to build the microcomputer (or PC)
 Altair – one of first PCs 1975
 Wozniak and Jobs designed and build first Apple Computer in
1976
 IBM introduced IBM-PC in 1981
 Wrapping it Up

In this lesson we took a look at how a computer

works and the evolution of computers.
Programming Languages

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING I
 Types of Languages

Programming languages were created to give

instruction.

Programming languages are classified into various

categories:
 High Level
 Low Level

The higher the level the more abstraction from the

hardware.
 If a language has higher abstraction – it is further away from
machine language (1’s and 0’s)
 Low Level

Low level languages have almost no abstraction

from the hardware.
This code is written to specific hardware, and will
only operate on the hardware it was written for.
 More Low Level

Two types:

 Machine Code (1GL)

 Assembly Language (2GL)

 Machine Code

Machine code is understood directly by the CPU.

An example is below:
8B542408 83FA0077 06B80000 0000C383
FA027706 B8010000 00C353BB 01000000
B9010000 008D0419 83FA0376 078BD98B
C84AEBF1 5BC3
Obviously, it takes specialized knowledge to
program in machine code.
What numbering system is this?
 Machine Code

8B542408 83FA0077 06B80000 0000C383

FA027706 B8010000 00C353BB 01000000
B9010000 008D0419 83FA0376 078BD98B
C84AEBF1 5BC3

If you said Hex, you are right! Machine code is

written in hex. The groups of numbers reference
memory addresses in RAM.
 Assembly Language

One level of
abstraction from
machine code is
assembly language.

The same program

from the last slide is
given in MASM an
assembly language.
 High Level Language

In contrast a high level language provides strong

abstraction from the hardware.

This allows a program to be written in a language

that can run on multiple types of computers
(running the same operating system).
 More High Level

We will code in Visual Basic 2013

Basic is an old language that has been updated over

the years and adapted by Microsoft for use for
writing Microsoft Windows and Web applications.
 Evolution of Basic

Basic first appeared in 1964 and was designed by

John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz at
Dartmouth University.
The current version of Visual Basic is the 9th version
from Microsoft. (Visual Basic 2010)
Microsoft first released VB in 1991. This moved the
BASIC language to an event driven and object-
oriented programming (OOP) language.
 Other High Level Languages

C#
C++
J#
F#
Java
D
E
And the list goes on and on…
 A History Lesson

When was the first computer program written and

who wrote it?
 A History Lesson

When was the first computer program written and

who wrote it?
A: Ada Lovelace- in 1842-43.

Modern programming is said to of started in the

1940s.
The first “modern” language was Plankalkül which
was described in 1943, but not implemented until
1998. It was designed by Konrad Zuse.
 Languages Used Today

The 1950s and 1960s brought about languages still

used today:
 FORTRAN- John Backus et al. (1955)

 LISP- John McCarthy et al.(1958)

 COBOL- Grace Hopper et al. (1959)

 RPG- IBM (1959)

 BASIC- 1964 (as noted previously)

 Late 1960s and 1970s

This was the period when most of the languages used

today were invented or are derived from one of the
languages invented in this time period.
 1969- B (forerunner to C)

 1970- Pascal (Java borrows from Pascal)

 1972- C (C++, Java, C#, and many others are based on C)

 1973- ML (F# is based on ML, C++ borrows from ML too)

 1978- SQL (databases)

 The Internet Age 1990s

During the early/mid 1990s many Internet

languages were developed:
 1991-Python

 1995- Java

 1995- Javascript (not related to Java)

 1995- PHP

 1995- Delphi (Object Pascal)

 So what has changed?

The past few slides contained a list of all these

languages, but how have they evolved?
The biggest change is more abstraction as described
previously.
 For example a program written in Java on a Windows system
an run on a Mac, Windows, Linux, etc. as long a the proper
software (a Java complier) is installed.

Early programs were bound to specific hardware-

current programs are not.
 OOP (Object Oriented Programming)

The next major evolution is the move to object

oriented programming or OOP.
As defined by Wikipedia:

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a

programming paradigm using "objects" – data
structures consisting of data fields and methods
together with their interactions – to design
applications and computer programs.
 Wrapping it Up

In this lesson we took a look at how a computer

works and the evolution of computers and
programming languages.