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BOD and COD - Notes

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32 views16 pages

BOD and COD - Notes

Uploaded by

hamsiniyvreddy
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© © All Rights Reserved
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BOD

It is a measure of dissolved oxygen required to oxidize


biologically oxidizable quantities present in water. These are the
impurities which are oxidized by the microorganisms present in
polluted water by utilizing dissolved oxygen present in water.
BOD is defined as the amount of dissolved oxygen consumed
by the microorganisms to oxidize the biologically oxidizable
impurities present in 1Liter of water over the period of 5 days at
20 Degrees.
BOD is determined by measuring DO of water in the beginning
DO1 and after the Period of 5 days DO5. The amount of DO
consumed for oxidation over the period of five days is BOD of
water
BOD= DO1-DO5 mg of O2/dm3
 The Bod is an important measure of water quality. It is measure
of the amount of oxygen needed by bacteria and other
microorganisms to oxidize the organic matter present in a
water sample over a period of 5 days.
 The BOD of drinking water should be less than 1.
 When organic matter decomposes , microorganisms feed upon
this decaying material and eventually it becomes oxidized.
Microorganisms such as dead plants, leaves, sewage. The
bacteria will begin the process of breaking down this waste.
When this happen , much of the dissolved oxygen is consumed
by aerobic bacteria.
 BOD directly affects the amount of dissolved oxygen in rivers
and streams.

 BOD of a sewage is defined as the number of milligrams of


dissolved oxygen required for the oxidation of biologically
oxidisable impurities present in 100 ml of waste water under
aerobic conditions at 20 Degree over a period of 5 days.
Determination of BOD
The five day BOD assay is a standardized assessment of the
oxidizable or respirable , organic matter in water. It is amount of
oxygen in mg/l required by bacteria to oxidize the organic
molecule aerobically. Oxygen consumed by inorganic compounds
is also measured by this test , which is why it is refereed to as
biochemical oxygen rather than just biological oxygen demand. It
is based as an index of the amount of organic pollution of the
water and it routinely employed to measure the efficiency of waste
water treatment plants in removing organic matter from
wastewater or in assessing the effect of effluent on the tropic status
of natural water.
 Any wastes such as swage , abattoir discharge and some
industrial wastes with high BOD, must be treated to remove or
lower the BOD before release into the receiving water. This
removal of BOD by the wastewater treatment plant is
inevitably biological but may be either aerobic or anaerobic
BOD by Winklers Method
Principle: Winklers method is on the fact that in alkaline
medium, DO oxidizes which can be titrated as a standard solution
of sodium thiosulphate , is thus equivalent to the DO originally
present.
The following reactions take place:
Manganese sulphate reacts with the potassium hydroxide to
produce while flocculent precipitate of manganese hydroxide
DO in the water reacts with Mn(OH)2 immediately to from a
brownish magnetic oxide flocculate
2Mn(OH)2 + O2 - 2MnO(OH)2 (Brown)
If the precipitate is white there is no DO
MnO(OH)2 reacts with added H2SO4 to give Manganese sulphate
Mn(SO4)2 as the Product of this mixture
2MnO(OH)2 + H2SO4 - 2Mn(SO4)2 + 6H2O
The Mn(SO4)2 immediately reacts with the KI. Reacting the
iodine exactly equivalent to the number of moles of oxygen
present in the sample. The release of Iodine (I 2) imparts a brown
coloration to the water typical of Iodine.
2Mn(SO4)2 + 4KI – 2MnSO4 + 2 K2SO4 + 2I2
The liberated Iodine is titrated with Thiosulphate and the reaction
is
2S2O32- + I2 - S4O62- + 2 I-
tetrathionate
From the above stoichiometric equations, we can find that
1 mole of O2 = 2 moles of MnO(OH)2 = 2moles of I2= 4 S2O32-

Therefore after determining the number of moles of Iodine


produced we can determine the no of moles of Oxygen molecules
present in water sample. Dissolved Oxygen concentrations are
expressed in mg O2/L
Procedure:
A known volume of the sewage water is diluted to a known
volume with fresh water. In the first bottle BOD is determined
immediately is follows. To a known volume of diluted water 5 ml
of MnSO4 solution and 5 ml of alkaline KI are added and shaken
for 15 ints till MnO2.H2O gets precipitated. Then the precipitated
is dissolved in 2 ml of H2SO4 and the liberated I2 is titrated
against standard sodium thiosulphate . The titer value is called
blank value and it indicates the total dissolved oxygen available
at the start of the experiment.
 The water in the second bottle is incubated under aerobic
conditions for 5 days and BOD is determined. As described
above. The liter value indicates dissolved oxygen present after
5 days.
 When dilution water is not seeded
 BOD = D1-D2/P
 D1= DO of diluted sample immediately after preparation,
Mg/L
 D2= DO of diluted sample after 5 days incubation at 20 degree,
Mg/L
 P= Decimal volumetric fraction of sample used.
Thank you

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