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Nav4 Compass Error

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26 views16 pages

Nav4 Compass Error

Uploaded by

oliver.espineli15
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NAVIGATION 4

(Course Code)

CELESTIAL NAVIGATION
(Course Title)
Compass
device that shows the
cardinal directions used for
navigation and geographic
orientation. It commonly
consists of a magnetized needle
or other element, such as a
compass card or compass rose,
which can pivot to align itself
with magnetic north. Other
methods may be used, including
gyroscopes, magnetometers,
and GPS receivers.
Two types of compass used on ships
o Magnetic Compass

o Gyro compass
Magnetic Compass
The magnetic compass contains a magnetic element that
aligns itself with the earth’s magnetic field. Think of the
earth as a big magnet. It has two magnetic poles, oriented
north and south, and close to the geographic North and
South Poles.
o Gyro compass
o navigational instrument which makes use of a continuously
driven gyroscope to accurately seek the direction of true
(geographic) north. It operates by seeking an equilibrium
direction under the combined effects of the force of gravity
and the daily rotation of Earth. As such, it is immune to
magnetic interferences such as those caused by ore deposits,
steel structures, or electric circuit
1.VARIATION
The true North Pole and the magnetic north pole
are not located at the same spot. This variation
causes a magnetic compass needle to point more
or less away from true north. The amount the
needle is offset is called variation because the
amount varies at different points on Earth’s
surface. Even in the same locality variation
usually does not remain constant, but increases
or decreases at a certain known rate annually.
2.DEVIATION
The amount a magnetic compass needle is deflected
bymagnetic material in the ship is called
deviation.Although deviation remains a constant for
any given compass heading, it is not the same on all
headings. Deviation gradually increases, decreases,
increases, and decreases again as the ship goes
through an entire 360° of swing.
Turning Error
A turn from the north lags or indicates a turn
in the opposite direction. So to roll out on
the correct heading one must roll out of the
turn, past the correct heading.A turn from
the south leads. So to roll out on the correct
heading one must roll out of the turn,
before reaching the correct heading.
Acceleration and Deceleration Error
When on an east or west heading, any
increase in airspeed (Acceleration) will
cause the magnetic compass to indicate
a false turn toward the north, and any
decrease in airspeed (deceleration) will
cause the magnetic compass to indicate
a false turn toward the south.
s:
5.Oscillation Error
This error is caused by turbulence or rough control
movements and results in erratic movement of the
compasscard. Oscillation is a combination of all of the
other errors, and it results in the compass card swinging
back and forth around the heading being flown. When
setting the gyroscopic heading indicator to agree with the
magnetic compass, use the average indication between
the swings.
o .
6. Magnetic dip Error
Magnetic dip is the tendency of the compass needles to point down as well as to
the magnetic pole. Dip is greatest near the poles and least near the Magnetic
Equator. The compass card is designed to operate in the horizontal, therefore, any
movement from the horizontal plane introduces dip error.
The needle of your magnetic compass will be parallel with Earth’s surface at the
Magnetic Equator, but will point increasing downward as it is moved closer to the
Magnetic pole.
Northerly turning error is due to the mounting of the compass. Since the card is
balanced in fluid, when the aircraft turns, the card is also banked as a result of
centrifugal force. While the card is banked, the vertical component of the Earth’s
magnetic field causes the north-seeking ends of the compass to dip to the low side
of the turn. When making a turn from a northerly heading, the compass briefly
gives an indication of a turn in the opposite direction. When making a turn from
the south, it gives an indication of a turn in the correct direction but at a faster
rate.
What are errors of Gyro Compass ?

1) Latitude error
Latitude (or damping) error This error is present in a compass
which is damped in tilt. A compass damped in tilt always settles
east of the meridian and above the horizon in NH, and vice-
versa. Its magnitude depends on the observer’s latitude,
Sin (error) α Tan (latitude), At equator, the error is nil.
The error is eastward in all northerly latitudes, and vice-versa.
For the purpose of damping error, a latitude rider / adjuster is
provided with the gyro compass which shifts the lubber line
equal to the amount of error in the appropriate direction.
What are errors of Gyro Compass ?

2) Speed Error (Course, Speed and Latitude Error)


The gyro compass settles in the N/S direction by sensing Earth’s
spinning motion. Same gyro compass when placed on a ship also
senses the ship’s motion. And therefore, the axis of gyro
compass settles in a direction which is perpendicular to the
resultant of the Earth’s surface speed and the ship’s velocity. The
direction in which the compass settles, is therefore, different to
the direction of the True North and depends on ship’s course,
speed and latitude of the observer.
This error also increases as the observer’s latitude increases.
The error is westward on all Northerly courses and vice-versa. In
exactly E-W courses, the error is nil. In exactly N-S courses, the
error is maximum.
To compensate for steaming error, a speed rider is provided,
which in association with the latitude rider, shifts the lubber
line equal to steaming error in the appropriate direction.
What are errors of Gyro Compass ?

3) BALLISTIC DEFLECTION ERROR


A temporary oscillatory error of the gyro compass introduced
when the north-south component of the speed changes as by
speed or course. Change, An accelerating force acts upon the
compass, causing a surge of mercury from one part of the
system to another in the case of the non-pendulous compass, or
a deflection of a mass in the case of a pendulous compass.
What are errors of Gyro Compass ?

4) BALLISTIC DAMPING ERROR


A temporary oscillatory error of a gyro compass introduced
during changes of course and speed as a result of the means
used to damp the oscillations of the spin axis.
5) GIMBALLING ERROR
This is due to the tilt of the compass rose. Directions are
measured in the horizontal plane. If the compass card is tilted,
the projection of the outer rim in the horizontal is an ellipse,
and the graduations are not equally spaced. For normal angles
of tilt, this error is small and can be neglected.

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