Week 1-1
Week 1-1
Introduction 1-1
Chapter 1: introduction
our goal: overview:
get “ feel” and what’s the Internet?
terminology what’s a protocol?
more depth, detail
network edge; hosts, access net,
physical media
later in course network core: packet/circuit
approach: switching, Internet structure
use Internet as performance: loss, delay, throughput
example security
protocol layers, service models
history
Introduction 1-2
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history
Introduction 1-3
What’s the Internet: “ nuts and bolts” view
PC millions mobile network
of connected
server computing devices:
hosts = end systems global ISP
wireless
laptop running network apps
smartphone
home
communication links network
regional ISP
wireless
fiber, copper, radio,
links satellite
wired
links transmission rate:
bandwidth
Packetswitches: forward
router packets (chunks of data) institutional
network
routers and switches
Introduction 1-4
What’s the Internet: “ nuts and bolts” view
mobile network
Internet: “ network of networks”
Interconnected ISPs
global ISP
home
network
protocols control sending, regional ISP
receiving of msgs
e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, 802.11
institutional
network
Introduction 1-5
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time
Introduction 1-7
A closer look at network structure:
network edge: mobile network
hosts: clients and servers
servers often in data centers global ISP
home
access networks, physical network
regional ISP
media: wired, wireless
communication links
network core:
interconnected routers
network of networks institutional
network
Introduction 1-8
Access networks and physical media
Introduction 1-9
Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network
DSL splitter
modem DSLAM
ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer
cable splitter
modem
C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Channels
Introduction 1-12
The network core
mesh of interconnected
routers
packet-switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets
forward packets from one
router to the next, across
links on path from source
to destination
each packet transmitted at
full link capacity
Introduction 1-13
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
takes application message
breaks into smaller chunks, two packets,
L bits each
known as packets, of length
L bits
transmits packet into access
network at transmission rate 2 1
R R: link transmission rate
link transmission rate, host
aka link capacity, aka
link bandwidth
L bits
per packet
3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps
R = 100 Mb/s C
A
D
R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets E
waiting for output link
Introduction 1-16
Two key network-core functions
routing: determines source- forwarding: move packets
destination route taken by from router’s input to
packets appropriate router output
routing algorithms
routing algorithm
Introduction 1-18
Packet switching versus circuit switching
packet switching allows more users to use network!
example:
1 Mb/s link
N
…..
each user:
users
• 100 kb/s when “ active”
• active 10% of time 1 Mbps link
circuit-switching:
10 users
packet switching:
with 35 users, probability > 10 active at the same time is less than .0004 *
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples Introduction 1-19
Packet switching versus circuit switching
packet switching allows more users to use network!
circuit-switching:
10 users
packet switching:
with 35 users, probability > 10 active at same time is less than .0004
N = 35 users
• Prob (# active users > 10) = 1 – Prob (#active = 10) – Prob (#active = 9) – Prob (#active = 8) … – Prob (#active = 0)
• Prob (#active = 10) = C(35, 10) * 0.1^10 * 0.9^25
• C(n,r)=n!/(r!(n−r)!)
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples Introduction 1-20
Internet structure: network of networks
End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs (Internet
Service Providers)
Residential, company and university ISPs
Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.
So that any two hosts can send packets to each other
Resulting network of networks is very complex
Evolution was driven by economics and national policies
Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current Internet
structure
Internet structure: network of networks
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them
together?
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…
…
access access
net net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to every other access ISP?
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access
net
… … net
access
access net
net
…
to each other directly doesn’t
…
access access
…
net
scale: O(N2) connections. net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
…
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to a global transit ISP?
Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement.
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…
…
global
access
net ISP access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors
….
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
ISP A
…
…
access access
net ISP B net
access
ISP C
net
access
net
access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors
…. which must be interconnected
Internet exchange point
…
access
access
access
net net …
net
access
access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…
…
access IXP access
net ISP B net
access
ISP C
net
access
net
access
net
peering link
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to ISPS
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…
…
access IXP access
net ISP B net
access
ISP C
net
access
net
access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft, Akamai )
may run their own network, to bring services, content close to end users
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…
…
Content provider network
access IXP access
net ISP B net
access
ISP B
net
access
net
access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
IX IX IX
P P P
Regional ISP Regional ISP
Introduction 1-30