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Week 1-1

The document provides an overview of computer networks and the Internet. It discusses the network edge including end systems, access networks, and physical links. It also covers the network core, describing packet switching and how routers work. The document outlines concepts like delay, loss, throughput, protocols, and security.

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Nithin Sreeram
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
8 views30 pages

Week 1-1

The document provides an overview of computer networks and the Internet. It discusses the network edge including end systems, access networks, and physical links. It also covers the network core, describing packet switching and how routers work. The document outlines concepts like delay, loss, throughput, protocols, and security.

Uploaded by

Nithin Sreeram
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

CSCE 5580: Computer Networks

Introduction 1-1
Chapter 1: introduction
our goal: overview:
 get “ feel” and  what’s the Internet?
terminology  what’s a protocol?
 more depth, detail
 network edge; hosts, access net,
physical media
later in course  network core: packet/circuit
 approach: switching, Internet structure
 use Internet as  performance: loss, delay, throughput
example  security
 protocol layers, service models
 history

Introduction 1-2
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-3
What’s the Internet: “ nuts and bolts” view
PC  millions mobile network
of connected
server computing devices:
 hosts = end systems global ISP
wireless
laptop  running network apps
smartphone
home
 communication links network
regional ISP
wireless
 fiber, copper, radio,
links satellite
wired
links  transmission rate:
bandwidth

 Packetswitches: forward
router packets (chunks of data) institutional
network
 routers and switches
Introduction 1-4
What’s the Internet: “ nuts and bolts” view
mobile network
 Internet: “ network of networks”
 Interconnected ISPs
global ISP

home
network
 protocols control sending, regional ISP
receiving of msgs
 e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, 802.11

institutional
network

Introduction 1-5
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human protocols?


Introduction 1-6
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-7
A closer look at network structure:
 network edge: mobile network
 hosts: clients and servers
 servers often in data centers global ISP

home
 access networks, physical network
regional ISP
media: wired, wireless
communication links

 network core:
 interconnected routers
 network of networks institutional
network

Introduction 1-8
Access networks and physical media

Q: How to connect end


systems to edge router?
 residential access nets
 institutional access
networks (school, company)
 mobile access networks

Introduction 1-9
Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

 use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM


 data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
 voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
 < 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically < 1 Mbps)
 < 24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically < 10 Mbps)
Introduction 1-10
Access net: cable network
cable headend

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

frequency division multiplexing: different channels transmitted


in different frequency bands
Introduction 1-11
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-12
The network core
 mesh of interconnected
routers
 packet-switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets
 forward packets from one
router to the next, across
links on path from source
to destination
 each packet transmitted at
full link capacity

Introduction 1-13
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
takes application message
breaks into smaller chunks, two packets,
L bits each
known as packets, of length
L bits
transmits packet into access
network at transmission rate 2 1
R R: link transmission rate
 link transmission rate, host
aka link capacity, aka
link bandwidth

packet time needed to L (bits)


transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link R (bits/sec)
1-14
Packet-switching: store-and-forward

L bits
per packet

3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps

 takes L/R seconds to transmit one-hop numerical


(push out) L-bit packet into example:
link at R bps
 L = 7.5 Mbits
 store and forward: entire
packet must arrive at router  R = 1.5 Mbps

before it can be transmitted  one-hop transmission


on next link delay = 5 sec
 end-end delay = 2L/R (assuming
zero propagation delay) more on delay shortly …
Introduction 1-15
Packet Switching: queueing delay, loss

R = 100 Mb/s C
A
D
R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets E
waiting for output link

queuing and loss:


 If arrival rate (in bits) to link exceeds transmission rate of link
for a period of time:
 packets will queue, wait to be transmitted on link
 packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) fills up

Introduction 1-16
Two key network-core functions
routing: determines source- forwarding: move packets
destination route taken by from router’s input to
packets appropriate router output
 routing algorithms

routing algorithm

local forwarding table


header value output link
0100 3 1
0101 2
0111 2 3 2
1001 1
11
01

dest address in arriving


packet’s header
Network Layer 4-17
Alternative core: circuit switching
end-end resources allocated to,
reserved for “ call” between
source & dest:
 In diagram, each link has four
circuits.
 call gets 2nd circuit in top link
and 1st circuit in right link.
 dedicated resources: no sharing
 circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
 circuit segment idle if not used by
call (no sharing)
 Commonly used in traditional
telephone networks

Introduction 1-18
Packet switching versus circuit switching
packet switching allows more users to use network!

example:
 1 Mb/s link
N

…..
 each user:
users
• 100 kb/s when “ active”
• active 10% of time 1 Mbps link

 circuit-switching:
 10 users
 packet switching:
 with 35 users, probability > 10 active at the same time is less than .0004 *

* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples Introduction 1-19
Packet switching versus circuit switching
packet switching allows more users to use network!

example: Q: how did we get value 0.0004?


 1 Mb/s link
 each user:
Q: what happens if > 35 users ?
• 100 kb/s when “ active”
• active 10% of time

 circuit-switching:
 10 users
 packet switching:
 with 35 users, probability > 10 active at same time is less than .0004
 N = 35 users
 • Prob (# active users > 10) = 1 – Prob (#active = 10) – Prob (#active = 9) – Prob (#active = 8) … – Prob (#active = 0)
 • Prob (#active = 10) = C(35, 10) * 0.1^10 * 0.9^25
• C(n,r)=n!/(r!(n−r)!)

* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples Introduction 1-20
Internet structure: network of networks
 End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs (Internet
Service Providers)
 Residential, company and university ISPs
 Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.
 So that any two hosts can send packets to each other
 Resulting network of networks is very complex
 Evolution was driven by economics and national policies
 Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current Internet
structure
Internet structure: network of networks
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them
together?

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net


access access
net net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to every other access ISP?

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access
net
… … net

access
access net
net

connecting each access ISP



to each other directly doesn’t


access access

net
scale: O(N2) connections. net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access

… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to a global transit ISP?
Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement.

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net


global
access
net ISP access
net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors
….

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
ISP A


access access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors
…. which must be interconnected
Internet exchange point

access
access
access
net net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A


access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net

access
net
peering link
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to ISPS

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A


access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net

access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft, Akamai )
may run their own network, to bring services, content close to end users

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A


Content provider network
access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP B
net
access
net

access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Google

IX IX IX
P P P
Regional ISP Regional ISP

access access access access access access access access


ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP

 at center: small # of well-connected large networks


 “ tier-1” commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT), national &
international coverage
 content provider network (e.g, Google): private network that connects it
data centers to Internet, often bypassing tier-1, regional ISPs Introduction 1-29
Introduction: summary
covered a “ton” of material! you now have:
 Internet overview  context, overview, “ feel”
 what’s a protocol? of networking
 network edge, core, access  more depth, detail to
network follow!
 packet-switching versus
circuit-switching
 Internet structure
 performance: loss, delay,
throughput
 layering, service models
 security

Introduction 1-30

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