FLUID

STATICS
 INTRODUCTION TO FLUID
STAfluids
• Deals with TICSat rest
• No relative motion between adjacent fluid layer, thus there is no
shear stress in the fluid Velocity, V
F
 INTRODUCTION TO FLUID STATICS
• Deals with forces acting on a floating/submerged bodies and
forces developed by devices such as hydraulic presses and
car jacks
PRESSUR
E
 PRESSUR
E force exerted by a fluid per unit
Pressure is defined as the normal
area.
The pressure at a point in a fluid has the same magnitude in all
directions
F1 = F2
A1 < A2
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
PRESSURE

PAtm
 PRESSUR
• Atmospheric EP Ab
Pressure s
PGage
• Absolute Pressure PAtm

• Gage Pressure PVacuum

• Vacuum Pressure PAbs

PAbs = 0
 PRESSUR
1 atm E bar
= 101.325kPa = 1.01325
= 14.7 psi = 10.33m𝐻2𝑂 = 33.88ft𝐻2𝑂
= 760mmHg = 760 torr
= 29.92inHg
= 1.032 kg/cm2
= 0 gage
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT DEVICES
MANOMETE
R
 MANOMETE
PAtm
R PAtm
F
𝑃 =𝐴 𝑃 =ρgh
 Pressure due to the weight
of a liquid
F=
PA
Review:
 MANOMETE
R PAtm
Pinside F=
PA
h W = 𝛾V ∆
F=
PA P
 MANOMETER
F@1 = F@2 ; F@1 - F@2 = 0
+ P2= PAtm
P1(Ao)+ 𝛾AohA - 𝛾AohA - 𝛾AohB – P2(Ao) = 0
P1
P1+ 𝛾hA - 𝛾hA - 𝛾hB – P2 = 0
h
B
P1-P2 = 𝛾hB
hA ∆P(gage) = 𝛾h
 MANOMETER

+ P2= PAtm
P1 P1-P2 = 𝛾hB
h
∆P(gage) = 𝛾h
B

Note: 𝛾= ρg
 MANOMETER

+ P2= PAtm
P1
P1+ 𝛾hB + 𝛾hA - 𝛾hA – P2 = 0

P1-P2 = − 𝛾hB
hB ∆P(gage) = − 𝛾h ; vacuum
hA
 MANOMETER

+
P1 P2 F@1 = F@2 ; F@1 - F@2 = 0

P1+ 𝛾hU - 𝛾hU - 𝛾h – P2 = 0

h P1-P2 = 𝛾h
 MANOMETER

P1 + P2 F@1 = F@2 ; F@1 - F@2 = 0

P1(Ao)+ 𝛾1Aoh1 - 𝛾2Aoh2 – P2(Ao) = 0

P1+ 𝛾1h1 - 𝛾2h2 – P2 = 0

h2
P1-P2 = 𝛾2h2 - 𝛾1h 1
h1 𝛾1 𝛾2
 MANOMETER

P1 + P2
P1+ 𝛾1h1 + 𝛾2h2 - 𝛾3h3 – P2 = 0

P1-P2 = 𝛾3h3 - 𝛾1h1 -𝛾2h2

h1 𝛾1 h3

𝛾2 𝛾3
h2
If h = 25.5in, determine the pressure at point A.
The liquid has a specific gravity of 1.85

PA = ϒsubsh
subs
ϒ 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠 ; ϒ subs = S.G.subsϒ water
Note: S.G. ϒ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
PA = S.G.subsϒwater h 1 𝑓𝑡
PA ==1.85 (62.4 lb /ft
f
3)(25.5in
12 𝑖𝑛
)
𝑙𝑏
PA = 245.3 or 1.7035 PSI
𝑓𝑡 2
𝑙𝑏 1 2 𝑓𝑡 2
Note: 245.3 x = 1.7035 𝑙𝑏 2
𝑓𝑡 2 12 2 𝑖𝑛 2 𝑖𝑛
Tetrachloride Specific Weight = 15.57 KN/m3
Benzene Specific Weight = 8.62 KN/m3

101.5 KPa + (15.57 KN/m3)(0.35m) – (8.62 KN/m3)(0.12m) – PA = 0

PA = 105.9 KPa
A different manometer is shown in Figure. Calculate the pressure difference between
Point A and Point B.

𝒍𝒃 𝟏𝒇𝒕 𝒍𝒃 𝟏𝒇𝒕 𝒍𝒃 𝟏𝒇𝒕

PA + (0.92)(62.4 )[(x+12)in x ] – (13.6) (62.4 )[(12in)( ) – (0.92)(62.4 )[(x+24)in x ]–P B =0
𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝟏𝟐𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒕 𝟑 𝟏𝟐𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒕 𝟑 𝟏𝟐𝒊𝒏
𝒍𝒃
PA – PB =
𝒇𝒕𝟐
906
 P1 water

0.125m

P2 glycerine

1.0 m 0.5 m

mercury
SAMPLE
PROBLE
M
A mercury manometer (density = 13,600 kg/m3 ) is connected to an air duct to measure
the pressure inside. The difference in the manometer levels is 10 mm, and the atmospheric
pressure is 100 kPa. Determine the absolute pressure in the duct.
Both a gage and a manometer are attached to a gas tank to measure its pressure. If
the reading on the pressure gage is 65 kPa, determine the distance between the two
fluid levels of the manometer if the fluid is
(a) mercury SG =13.6 or (b) water
What are the pressures at the A(conjunction of water and oil), B (middle of
water), C (bottom of the tank)

Oil (SG = 0.8) 1m

A
Formulas to use:
B 3m
Water
PA = Po + ρgh
PB = PA + ρgh
Mercury (SG = 13.6) 2m
PC = PB + ρgh
C
The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a multifluid manometer as
shown. Determine the gage pressure of air in the tank if h1= 0.4 m, h2=0.6 m, and h3=0.8 m. Take the
densities of water, oil, and mercury to be 1000 kg/m3, 850 kg/m3, and 13,600 kg/m3,
respectively
Consider a hydraulic jack being used in a car repair shop. The pistons have an area of A1=0.8 cm2 and A2=0.04 m2.
Hydraulic oil with a specific gravity of 0.870 is pumped in as the small piston on the left side is pushed up and down, slowly
raising the larger piston on the right side. A car that weighs 13,000 N is to be jacked up. (a) At the beginning, when both
pistons are at the same elevation (h =0), calculate the force F1 in newtons required to hold the weight of the car. (b) Repeat
the calculation after the car has been lifted two meters (h=2m).
HYDROSTAT
IC
FORCE
SHORT REVIEW ON
MECHANICS: MOMENT OF
AREA
FIRST MOMENT OF AREA – measurement of the distribution of
the area of a shape in relation to an axis
A1
Q = ∑ 𝑦𝐴

A2
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴
Centroid formula: 𝐴

yC = ∑ 𝑦 𝑛 𝐴 𝑛  1 ∫ 𝐴 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 A3
∑𝐴
A
xC = ∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝐴𝑛 ; very useful in solving the centroid
Find: Q ; ∑ 𝑌𝐴
∑ 𝑌𝐴
Ȳ=
Y A YA
∑𝐴
1 50 50 x 100 = 250,000
5,000
2 125 200 x 50 = 1,250,000
10,000
SUM 15,000 1,500,000

∑ 𝑌𝐴 1,500,000
Ȳ= = = 100 𝑚𝑚
Find: Q ; ∑ 𝑌𝐴
QB = 50 mm (5,000 mm2) = 250,000 mm3
QB = 25 mm (10,000 mm2) = 250,000 mm3
SHORT REVIEW ON
MECHANICS: MOMENT OF
AREA
SECOND MOMENT OF AREA – also called the area moment of inertia, it
reflects how points are distributed to an arbitrary axis

IX = ∫ 𝑦2𝑑𝐴
Parallel Axis Theorem

IY = ∫ 𝑥2𝑑𝐴 𝐼 𝑜 = 𝐼 𝑂 + 𝑟2 𝐴

A1

A2 ∫ 𝑦2 𝑑𝐴
𝐴
A3
SECOND MOMENT OF INERTIA, I
∑ 𝑌𝐴
Ȳ=
∑𝐴
1
I= 𝑏ℎ3
12
 1
I = 12 𝑏ℎ3
1
I = (14 m) (16 m)3 – 2 ( 1 ) (6 m) (12 m)3
12 12
I = 3051 m 4
PARALLEL AXIS
THEOREM 𝐼𝑜 = 𝐼𝑂 + 𝐴𝑟2

1
𝐼𝑜 = 𝑏ℎ3 + 𝐴𝑟2
12

𝐼𝑜 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3

1
Io = [ (14 m) (2 m)3 + (28 m2)(7m)2] +
12
1
[12 (2 m) (12 m)3 + (24 m2)(0 m)2] +
1
[12 (14 m) (2 m)3 + (28 m2)(7m)2]

Io = 3051 m4
 HYDROSTATIC FORCES
A plate is subjected to a fluid pressure distributed over its
surface when exposed to a liquid/fluid

The hydrostatic forces form system

of parallel forces and its point of
application is called the CENTER
OF PRESSURE
 HYDROSTATIC FORCES
O
P = ρgh
Ɵ
h1 P = ρg ysin
h2
θ
FH F
y1 P=
A
F = ∫ dF

y2 F = ∫ PdA

F = ∫ ρg sin θ y dA
A
 HYDROSTATIC
1st Moment of Area
FORCES
Ɵ
O

F = ρg sin θ ∫ y dA
A
hC
FH
1 Centroid
F = ρg sin θ A A ∫ y dA
A
yC

F = ρgA sin θ 𝑦𝐶

FH = γ∙ A∙
h𝐶
 HYDROSTATIC FORCES
O
Ɵ FH ∙ 𝑦𝑃 = ∫ 𝑦 d𝐹

hC
FH
FH ∙ 𝑦𝑃 = ∫ y ∗ ρg sin θ y
A dA
yC FH ∙ 𝑦𝑃 = ρg sin ∫ 𝑦2dA
yP
A
θ
FH ∙ 𝑦𝑃 = ρg sin θ 𝐼𝑂 nd
1 2 Moment of
𝑦𝑃 = F ρg sin θ 𝐼𝑂 Area
H
ρg sin
𝑦𝑃 = θ 𝐼𝑂
ρg sin θ A 𝑦𝐶
 HYDROSTATIC FORCES
O
ρg sin θ 𝐼𝑂
Ɵ
𝑦𝑃 =
ρg sin θ A 𝑦 𝐶
𝐼𝑂
hC 𝑦𝑃 =
FH A 𝑦𝐶
Note: IO = 𝐼𝑂 + r2A
yC
yP 𝐼𝑂 + yC2A
𝑦𝑃 =
A 𝑦𝐶
e
𝐼𝑂 𝐼𝑂
𝑦𝑃 = yC + ; 𝑦𝑃 − yC = e =
A 𝑦𝐶 A 𝑦𝐶
 FOR PLANE SURFACES: VERTICAL GATE
SURFACES
FH = γ ∙ A ∙ h𝐶
𝐼𝑂 𝐼𝑂
𝑦𝑃 − yC = e = A 𝑦 = A ℎ
𝐶 𝐶

hC

hC
F
FH
H
 FH = ρgA hC
FOR PLANE SURFACES FH = ρgWL hC

hC Ɵ Lsinθ = LPROJ

F yC LPROJ
FH = γhCW
H LPROJ sin θ
ePROJ
e γhCAPROJ
FH =
sin θ
Ɵ
W
𝐼𝑂
𝑦𝑃 − yC = e =
L A 𝑦𝐶
W
ePROJ 𝐼𝑂
e= ; ePROJ =
sin θ A ℎ𝐶
A vertical rectangular sluice gate at the bottom of the dam is 0.6m wide and 1.8m high and
exposed to water pressure on one side corresponding to a head of 15m above its center.
Assuming the gate on stem to weigh 2,230 N and the coefficient of friction of gate on
runner to be 0.25
a. Find the hydrostatic force acting on the depth.
b. Find the friction between the gate and runners
c. Find the force necessary to raise the gate
a. Hydrostatic Force Acting on the Depth
FH = ϒ A hc
𝑁
FH = 9,810 (0.6 m x 1.8 m) (15 m)
𝑚3
FH = 158,922 N or 158.922 KN

b. Friction between the gate and runners

ϝ = μ FH
ϝ = 0.25 (158,922 N)
ϝ = 39,730.5 N

c. Force necessary to raise the gate

∑ 𝐹orces
T= W+ ϝ
T = 2,230 N + 39,730.5 N
T =41,960.5 N
A vertical triangular plate whose height is 3.6m has its base horizontal and vertex upper most
in the water surface.
1. Find the depth which it must be lowered from its vertex so that the difference in level
between the center of gravity and the center of pressure shall be 20 cm.
2. How far is the center of pressure below the water surface
3. What is the base width of the plate if the total hydrostatic force acting on the plate is
76.28 KN
 3
𝐼𝑂 = 𝑏ℎ36 Width of plate
𝑏(3.6𝑚) 3 F = PA
𝐼𝑂 = 𝑏ℎ
36 F = ϒhc A ; A
𝐼𝑂 = 1.296 b 2
=
Q = Ay 76.28KN = 9.81𝐾𝑁 3.6m ((𝑏)3.6𝑚2)
𝑚3
Note: A = 𝑏ℎ b = 1.2m
2
𝑏ℎ
Q= 2
𝑦
Q = 3.62𝑏 𝑦 ; y = h
Q = 1.8 b h
𝐼𝑂
ePROJ =
A ℎ𝑐
1.296 b
0.20 m = 1.8 𝑏 ℎ𝑐
hc = 3.6 m
Depth from vertex
1. Find the depth which it must be lowered from its vertex so
Y + 32 (h) = hc
that the difference in level between the center of gravity
Y + 32 (3.6 m) = (3.6 m) and the center of pressure shall be 20 cm.
Y = 1.2 m 2. How far is the center of pressure below the water surface
3. What is the base width of the plate if the total hydrostatic
force acting on the plate is 76.28 KN
 SAMPLE
PROBLEM
S
A room in the lower level of a cruise ship has a 30-cm-diameter circular window. If the midpoint
of the window is 4 m below the water surface, determine the hydrostatic force acting on the
window, and the pressure center. Take the specific gravity of seawater to be
1.025. Answers: Fh = 2840 N, Hc = 4.001 m
A 3-m-high, 6-m-wide rectangular gate is hinged at the top edge at A and is restrained
by a fixed ridge at B. Determine the hydrostatic force exerted on the gate by the 5-m-
high water and the location of the pressure center.

Answers: FH = 618.030 kN, Hc = 3.716 m

A 6-m-high, 5-m-wide rectangular plate blocks the end of a 5-m-deep freshwater channel, as
shown. The plate is hinged about a horizontal axis along its upper edge through a point A and is
restrained from opening by a fixed ridge at point B. Determine the force exerted on the plate by
the ridge.

Answers: FR = 613.125 kN
The 280-kg, 6-m-wide rectangular gate shown is hinged at B and leans against the
floor at A making an angle of 45° with the horizontal. The gate is to be opened from
its lower edge by applying a normal force at its center. Determine the minimum force
F required to open the water gate.
Answer: 626 kN
A retaining wall against a mud slide is to be constructed by placing 0.8-m-high and 0.2-m- wide
rectangular concrete blocks (𝜌 = 2700 kg/m3 ) side by side, as shown. The friction coefficient between
the ground and the concrete blocks is f=0.3, and the density of the mud is about 1800 kg/m3 . There
is concern that the concrete blocks may slide or tip over the lower left edge as the mud level rises.
Determine the mud height at which (a) the blocks will overcome friction and start sliding and (b) the
blocks will tip over.

Answers: h = 0.38 m, h = 0.52 m

HYDROSTATIC
FORCE:
CURVED
SURFACES
 HYDROSTATIC FORCES FOR
CURVED SURFACES
For curved surfaces it is easier to
determine the FH by breaking it
into its component horizontal and
F
vertical component H

Ɵ
F
R
 Equilibrium Condition
∑Forces = 0

FY
FHp = FX
FV = FY + W
F
W
FR = 𝐹𝐻𝑝2 + 𝐹𝑉2
X
FHp
Ɵ
F
R
FV
 MAGNITUDE OF THE HORIZONTAL
COMPONENT OF FH

F e CGH
h
X
CP

b
𝐅𝐗 = 𝐅𝐇𝐩 = 𝛄 ∙ 𝐀 ∙ 𝐡𝑪

𝑰𝑶 𝑰𝑶
𝒚𝑷 − 𝐲𝐂 = 𝐞 = A 𝒚 = A 𝒉
𝑪 𝑪
 MAGNITUDE OF THE
VERTICAL COMPONENT
FY
F = 𝛄∙
OF F H𝐀 ∙ 𝐡 ; with h being found at the line of
Y 𝑪 c
action of FY
W
*be reminded that the formula is based on F = PA, in which
pressure is based on the depth below the surface level
a
W = weight of the fluid in the
b section W = 𝛄 ∙ V
CGV

FV = FY +
 SAMPLE
PROBLEM
S
A quarter gate with a width of 2m is shown in the figure. Find the force F needed to
hold the gate in place

1m

F
FR = 𝐹𝐻𝑝2 + 𝐹𝑉2
Radius = 1.5m

A
A long, solid cylinder of radius 2 ft hinged at point A is used as an automatic gate, as
shown. When the water level reaches 15 ft, the cylindrical gate opens by turning about
the hinge at point A. Determine (a) the hydrostatic force acting on the cylinder and its
line of action when the gate opens and (b) the weight of the cylinder per ft length of
the cylinder.

Answers: FR = 82387.38 lb-ft/s2, W = 1726.58 lb

A 4-m-long quarter-circular gate of radius 3 m and of negligible weight is hinged
about its upper edge A, as shown. The gate controls the flow of water over the ledge at
B, where the gate is pressed by a spring. Determine the minimum spring force required
to keep the gate closed when the water level rises to A at the upper edge of the gate.

Answers: FSPRING = 177 kN

Hints for last problem:
BUOYANCY
AND
STABILITY
 BUOYANCY
When a fluid is submerged in a fluid, the fluid
exerts an upward force on the body, this is what we
call the BUOYANT FORCE.

Also known as the ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

 BUOYANCY
Fnet = FBot – FTop = PBot(A) – PTop(A)
d FTop
= PBot(A) – PTop(A)
= γBot (d+h)(A) – γTop(d)(A) ;
h
γ for liquid is virtually incompressible

=γf(h)(A)
FBot
= γf (Volume)  γf Vdisplaced by the Body
BUOYANCY

W = γBody VBody

FB = γFluid VDisplaced
BUOYANCY
 STABILITY

Stable Unstable

Neutrally Stable
 CENTER OF BUOYANCY

CENTER OF GRAVITY
HYDROSTATIC
FORCE
Part 2