GET 102: Engineering Graphics

and Solid Modelling I (2 Units C: LH

15; PH 45)
Course lecturers: Engr. Prof. O. A. Olugboji
Engr. Dr. B. Alkali
 Course Synopsis
• Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
• First and third angle orthogonal projections
• Isometric projections; sectioning,
conventional practices, conic sections and
development
• Freehand and guided sketching – pictorial
and orthographic
• Visualisation and solid modelling in design,
prototyping and product-making
 Course Synopsis
• User interfaces in concrete terms.
• Design, drawing, animation, rendering and
simulation workspaces
• Sketching of 3D objects. Viewports and
sectioning to shop drawings in orthographic
projections and perspectives
• Automated viewports. Sheet metal and surface
modelling. Material selection and rendering
•This course will use latest professional design
tools such as fusion 360, solid works, solid
edge or equivalent
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.1 Design Thinking
Design thinking is an iterative, non-linear process which
focuses on a collaboration between designers and end users.
It brings innovative solutions to life based on how real end
users think, feel and behave.
1.1.1 Stages involved in Design Thinking
There are five core stages that are involved in design
thinking process;
(i) empathize (ii) define (iii) ideate (iv) prototype and
(v) test.
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.1.1.1 Empathize
The objective in this stage of design thinking is to gain an insight
understanding of the end users of a product, their needs and what
they really care about. To achieve this, one needs to put aside any
personal assumptions that one might have about the end users
or the problem that is being tackled. It is desired here that one
should observe, engage through discussions and feel with people
to understand their experiences, what they value and what
motivates them. Also, it is recommended that one get a feel of the
physical environment within which the problem lies.
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.1.1.1 Empathize
These techniques will help in understanding the essential aspect
of the human-centered approach which entails design thinking.
This stage will inevitably yield a considerable amount of
information – which will then be needed for use the 2nd stage of
design thinking. The challenge here will be how to synthesize all
this information within the context of one’s design.
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
• 1.1.1.2 Define (the Problem)

In this stage, one is expected to analyze, sort out and sequence

the information that have gathered in the first stage in such a way
that allows one to define better the problem that is being tackled.
If interviews have been conducted in the first stage, it is possible
to analyze the answers and highlight any key phrases that relates
to the problem. Thus, this stage will bring clarity and focus to work
carried out because one will know what the real problem is.
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
• 1.1.1.2 Define (the Problem)

In all honesty, it would be best if this is written down in the form of

a problem statement. What is interesting to note is that up till now,
the definition of the problem has been shaped solely as seen from
the end users’ perspectives and without any constraints of existing
solutions.
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
• 1.1.1.3 Ideate

Building up from the problem statement from stage 2, it is possible to

start generating several logical ideas that seek to resolve the
problem. These ideas are typically rough ideas (ones that are the
result of brainstorming). Still, there should be valid approaches that
can potentially solve the problem being solved. The important thing
here is to “think outside the box” and generate several ideas so that
there are some options to choose from for prototyping in the next
stage. It is possible to sketch these ideas and show them to the end
users to refine them and at the same time filter those ideas that are
worth investigating further.
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
• 1.1.1.4 Prototype

At this stage of design thinking, it is expected that one works with a

team to generate several inexpensive prototypes so as to be able to
investigate and explore the expected solutions proposed so far. The
aim of the prototyping stage is also to have something to share and
this will act as a basis of communication with the team members and
other stakeholders including the end users. It is important to
remember here that the right solutions to the problem being solved
are not expected for now. Instead, one is exploring from a number of
potentially good approaches to addressing the problem.
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
• 1.1.1.4 Prototype Continues

Therefore, one should not waste much time thinking about how to
prototype or building a prototype. One should just pick up some
materials and start. Each solution is prototyped, investigated and
accepted, improved, re-examined or rejected. Not spending too
much time and not building complex, costly prototypes will thus
make it easier for one to let go and move to another one. At the
end of this stage, it is expected that one would have had good
idea of which solutions are most likely to address the problem and
what their constraints are.
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
• 1.1.1.5 Test

The best solutions from the prototyping stage are tested in the
context of the real product using designers, evaluators and real
end users. Testing is carried out to evaluate each prototype and
assess the degree to which it addresses the problem that is being
tackled. This is an iterative process since the results from these
tests can sometimes be used to refine the problem, the proposed
prototypes and the solutions. This thus, leads to further
alterations and refinements of the prototypes being tested, and
hence moving back to previous stages.
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
• 1.1.1.5 Test

Testing also provides an opportunity to understand and

empathize more the end users since one is observing and
engaging them. This is also a stage that will help one personally to
refine the way one have framed the problem and address any
remaining pre-conceptions that one might still have. The result of
this stage is a prototype that solves the problem, and hence one
that can be used as a model to build the real solution.
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.1.2 How do engineers use design thinking
Engineers use design thinking
• in a solutions-focused, human-centered way to creatively solve
problem and innovate throughout the engineering
design process.
• in a way of looking at and tackling real world problems that we
experience in our everyday lives, and greatly need solutions for
— especially the world’s “wicked problems” that are not well
defined or have clear answers , such as climate change.
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.1.2 How do engineers use design thinking
Engineers use design thinking
• as a fluid way of reasoning to purposefully devise solutions for difficult
problems rather than a series of trial-and-error steps. Design thinking is
also a valuable life skill—like reading and numeracy—that can be learned
and perfected with practice, and applies to a wide range of careers.
1.1.3 How can design thinking help solve challenges
Engineers’ responsibilities can vary, whether in creating new products or
maintaining existing ones, engineering revolves around design. For this
reason, a systematic approach is highly valuable when encountering
challenges be it in the academic or industrial sector.
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.1.4 Why is design thinking a valuable skill for engineers
Design thinking is a valuable skill for engineers to learn for
several reasons. For one, engineering positions are among
the most common occupations requiring design thinking
skills. Since engineers are often responsible for solving
complex problems, it’s easy to get lost in the details and set
creative problem-solving skills aside.
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.1.5 Engineering Challenges Design Thinking can Solve
Here are some engineering challenges design thinking can help
solve.
(i) Formulating Problems
Engineers take time to observe, infer and apply their breadth and
depth of knowledge to thoughtfully frame a problem within the
limits of available time, money, and resources.
(ii) SEEKING SOLUTIONS
Engineers incorporate their personal experiences and intellect
with empathy and understanding for all stakeholders to develop
human-centered products or services.
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.1.5 Engineering Challenges Design Thinking can Solve
Here are some engineering challenges design thinking can help
solve.
(iii) THRIVING IN UNCERTAINTY
The unknowns and limitations of a problem, especially wicked
problems, offer engineers opportunities to be creative in
developing innovative and practical solutions.
(iv) PROTOTYPING IDEAS
After generating ideas and gathering information about a
problem, the rapid and rough creation of models and sketches
(prototypes) inspire engineers to visualize options and inform
possible solutions.
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.1.5 Engineering Challenges Design Thinking can Solve
Here are some engineering challenges design thinking can help
solve.
(v) ITERATING OPTIONS
Engineers test many versions of their prototypes as they
develop, implement, and evaluate possible solutions - which over
time improves their understanding of the problem.
(vi) REFLECTING FREQUENTLY
Assessing and talking through iteration cycle outcomes allows
engineers to simultaneously and repeatedly define and refine
both their understanding of the problem and ideas for solutions.
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.1.6 Benefits of Design Thinking
Design Thinking
• Creates better customer and employee experiences
• Deepens and widens customers relationships
• Improves customers retention (loyalty)
• Reduces inefficiencies
• Designs new business models
• Increase value to the society
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.2 Engineering Graphics
Graphics is the art or science of drawing a representation of an object
on a two-dimensional surface according to mathematical rules of
projection. Graphics is a language.
An engineering can use the graphic language as a powerful means of
communication with others for conveying ideas on technical matters.
For effective exchange of ideas with others, an engineer must have
proficiency in;
(i) language, both written and oral
(ii) symbols associated with basic sciences and
(iii) The graphic language.
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.2 Engineering Graphics
Engineering drawing is a suitable graphic language from which any
trained person can visualize the required object.
As an engineering drawing displays the exact picture of an object, it
obviously conveys the same ideas to every trained eye.
Irrespective of language barriers, the drawings can be effectively used
in other countries, in addition to the country where they are prepared.
Therefore, engineering drawing is a universal language for all
engineers.
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.2.1 Importance of Graphics
The graphics language had its existence when it became important
to build new structures and create new machines or the like, in addition
to representing the existing ones.
Without the use of graphic language, the ideas on technical matters
have to be conveyed by speech or writing, both of which are unreliable
and difficult to understand by the artisans and craftsmen for the purpose
of manufacturing.
With engineering drawings, it would have been impossible to produce
objects such as aircrafts, automobiles, locomotives, etc, each requiring
thousands of different components.
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.2.2 Need for Correct Drawing
• Drawing is official document and the success or failure of a
structure depends on the clarity or details provided on the
drawing. It is a contract document.
• It would not have been possible to produce
machines/automobiles on a mass scale where a number of
assemblies and sub-assemblies are involved, without clear,
and accurate drawings.
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.2.3 Drawing Accessories
• Drawing Board
• Drawing Sheet
• T-square
• Set Squares
• Compass & Divider
• Protractor
• Mechanical Pencil
• Eraser
• Technical Drawing Sets
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.2.3.1 Drawing Boards & Drawing Sheets
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.2.3.2 T-Square
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.2.3.4 Set Squares
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.2.3.5 Compass & Divider
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.2.3.6 Protractor
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.2.3.7 Mechanical Pencil
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.2.3.8 Eraser
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics

1.2.3.9 Technical Drawing Sets

 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.2.4 Types of Lines used in Engineering Graphics
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.2.4 Types of Lines used in Engineering Graphics
 1. 0 Introduction to design thinking and
engineering graphics
1.2.5 Lettering in Engineering Graphics
lettering in engineering graphics must be
• Legibility
• Uniformity
• Rapidity of Execution
• Suitability for Reproduction
THANK YOU