Compression Members

Compression Members
• Are structural members that are subjected only to axial compressive forces
• The loads are applied along a longitudinal axis through the centroid of the member cross
section.
• The stress fa = P/A
• Where fa = compressive stress but is uniformly distributed over the entire cross section.
• Column is the most common compressive type of member
• Column primary function is support vertical loads.
• Beam – Column – resists bending of the member.
 Compression member
• Column is the best know compression member
• Other are the top cord of the trusses, various bracing member,
compression flanges of rolled beams, built-up sections and member
subjected to simultaneously to bending and compressive loads.
• Short Columns or Struts are vertical members subjected compressive
loads
•
 Compression Member
• Column failure are three:
• 1. Flexural buckling (Euler buckling) is primary type of buckling where members
are subject to flexure or bending when they become unstable
• 2. Local Buckling – when some part or parts of the cross section of a column are so
thin that they buckle locally in compression before the modes of buckling occur. The
susceptibility of a column to local buckling is measure by the width-thickness ratios.
• 3. Flexural torsional buckling may occur in columns that have certain cross
sectional configurations. These columns fail by twisting (torsion) or by combination
of both torsional and flexural buckling.
 Column Theory
• P=(
• If the axial load “P” is applied slowly it will become ultimately large to cause the member to become
unstable and assume the shape as indicated. Figure for Euler Equation.pdf The corresponding load
is called critical buckling load.
• E is the modulus of elasticity of the member
• I is the moment of inertia of the cross section area with respect to minor principal axis
• L is the length of the member between the support
• The equation is only valid , the member must be ELASTIC and must be free to rotate but not
translate laterally
• The end condition is satisfied by pin or hinges .
 Column Theory -
• For the differential equation giving the deflected shape of an elastic member
subjected to bending is
• d^2y/ds^2 = - M/EI where x- along the longitudinal axis of the member and y is
the deflection
• For bending moment M= Pcr *y
• y” + Pcr/EI* y =0
• For second order linear ordinary differential equation with constant, the solution
• y = A cos (cx) + B sin (cx) where c= (Pcr/EI)^1/2
 Column Theory
• A and B are constants in the equation, evaluate the boundary condition
• At x = 0, y=0 the equation now 0=A cos (0) + B sin(0), A=0
• At x = L, y= 0 0= B sin(cl)
• Last condition reqiues Sin (cL) = 0 if B can not be zero and the
corresponding to P=0 For sin (cL) =0 Where cL = 0, π. 2π, 3π… nπ.
N=0,1,2,3, from c = (Pcr/EI)^1/2
 Column Theory
• from c = (Pcr/EI)^1/2
• cl= (Pcr/EI)^1/2*L = nπ
• Pcr = (nπ)^2 EI /L^2 where n =1 is first mode , n= 2 is second mode
where n=0 gives a trivial case of no load.
• Note that n larger than 1 are not possible unless the compression
member is physically restrained from deflecting at the point where the
reversal of curvature would occur.
 Column Theory
• where n=0 gives a trivial case of no load.
• The solution to the differential equation is therefore
• y = b sin (nπ x/L) with approximations made in formulating the equation,
linear representation of a nonlinear phenomenon was used.
 Column Theory
• For compression member usual case with no support between ends, n=1
and the Euler equation is written as Euler Formula Continue.pdf
• P=(
• It is convenient to rewrite the Euler Equation
• P=( =(=(
• Where A = cross sectional area and r- radius of gyration with respect to
the axis of buckling and L/r = slenderness ratio
 Column Theory
• If the critical load is divided by the cross sectional area , the crtical buckling
stress is obtained :
• Fcr = Pcr/A = (
• Note:
• The compressive stress, buckling will occur about the axis corresponding to r
• Buckling will occur as soon as the load reaches P = ( and the column will be
unstable about the principal axis with larger slender ratio which is usually the axis with the small
moment of inertia.
 Ideal Column
• Euler Column Equation was developed in 1744
• Pe = ( for critical Lod
• r=(I/A)^1/2 or I = A * r^2
• Critical Stress fa = (
• L/r = Slender Ratio
• Therefore critical load with end condition or connecter
• fa = ( critical stress for column
 Real Column – Steel
• Maximum Slender ratio
• KL/r </= 200
• Structural Steel :
• Transition KL/r = 4.71(E/Fy)^1/2
• Slender column if KL/r > 4.71 (E/Fy)^1/2 use Pa(all) = 0.877fe A/1.67 -0.525feA
• Intermediate if KL/r </= 4.71 (E/Fy) use Pa(all) = 0.658(Fy/fe) Fy A/1.67
 Real Column – Machine Parts
• Slender column if KL/r >/= (2 (= (
• Intermediate column if KL/r< (2 ( use Fa = 1-(Fy(KL/r)/ (4 (
• Often times, calculation gets easier if you write the formula as follows:
• Fa * F.S./Fy = 1-Fy(kl/r)/ (4 ()
 Examples
• A W12 X 50 is used as a column to support an axial compressive load of 145 kips . The length
is 20 feet and the ends are pinned . Without regard to load or resistance factors, investigate this
member for stability. (The grade of steel need not be known: the critical buckling load is a
function of the modulus of elasticity, not the yield stress or ultimate tensile strength)
• Solution: W12 X 50
• minimum r = ry =1.96
• Maximum L/r = 20 *12 /1.96 = 122.4
• Pcr = ( = ( (29,000)(14.7) =280.8 kips
• Since 145 kip < 280,8 kips the column remain stable and has a factor of safety = 280.2/145 = 1.94
 Example
• A W10x22 is uses as a 15 ft long pin-connected column. Using the Euler
expression , determine the column’s critical or buckling load. Assume that the steel
has a proportional limit of 36 ksi
• Solution : Using a 15 ft long W10x22 ( A= 6.49 sq in, r = 4.27 in, r =1.33in)
x y

• Minimum ry = 1.33 in , L/r = 15 *12/ 1.33 = 135.4

• Fe = ((29,000)/(135.4)^2 = 15.63 ksi < the proportional limit of 36 ksi
• Therefore the column is okay and is within the elastic range
• Elastic or buckling load = (15.63 ksi)( 6.49) = 101.4 kip
 Example
• Using an 8 ft long W10 X 22
• Solution l/r = (12x15)/1.33 = 72.18
• Euler or buckling stress Fe = ((29,000)/(72.18)^2 = 54.94 his> 36 ksi
• The column is inelastic range and the Euler equation is not applicable.
• Note:
• The buckling load determined from the the Euler equation is independent of the strength
of the steel used
• Euler is only useful only if the end support conditions are carefully considered
 Effective Length
• Both the Euler and tangent modulus equations are based on the following
assumptions
• 1. The column is perfectly straight , with no intial crookedness
• 2. The load is axial with no eccentricity
• 3 The column is pinned at both ends.
• Note that the first two conditions means there is no bending moment in the
member before buckling. However, accidentally, there is a moment but can
be neglected.
 End Restraint and Effective lengths of
columns
• End constraint and its effect on the load-carrying capacity of column is
very important subject indeed.
• The effective length of a column is defined as the distance between point
of zero moment in the column which is the distance between its inflection
points
• In steel effective length of column is referred to a KL , where K is the
effective length factor
 End Restraint and Effective lengths of
columns
• The concept of the effect length is a mathematic method of taking a
column wherever its end and bracing condition and replacing it with an
equivalent pinned –ended braced column.
• Note that column with different end conditions have entirely
different effective lengths. It assumed that no sideway or joint
translation is possible.
 End Restraint and Effective lengths of columns

• For Figure (a) KL = L

• For Figure (b) KL = 0.5 L
• For Figure (c) KL = 0.7L
• KL Value.pdf

• Compression member is found PART 4 – Design of Compression

Members
 End Restraint and Effective lengths of columns

• Steel Frame - KL Value.pdf

• Theoretical KL.pdf
 AISCE Requirements
• The basic requirement for compression members are cover in Chapter E
of the specification . The relationship between loads and strength take the
form of Pu ≤ Øc Pn
• Where Pu = sum of factored load
• Pn = nominal compressive strength = Ag Fcr

Fcr = critical buckling stress

Øc = resistance factor for compressive member = 0.85
Instead of expressing the critical buckling stress Fcr as a function of slenderness
ratio KL/r , the specification uses the slenderness parameter
 AISCE Requirements
• Ƒc = KL/rπ(Fy/E)^1/2
• This equation incorporates the material properties but is no dimensional .
For elastic columns
• Fcr = Pcr/A = (π)^2 E/(L/r)^2 can be rewritten
• Fcr = (π)^2 E/(L/r)^2 = 1/(ƒc)^2 * Fy
 AISCE Requirements
• To account for the effect of initial crookedness , this value is reduced as
follows :
• Fcr = 0.877/(ƒc)^2 * Fy
• For inelastic columns , the tangent modulus equations
• Fcr = (0.658)^ (ƒc)^2 ) * Fy.
 AISCE Requirements
• If the boundary between elastic and inelastic columns is take a (ƒc) =1.5 the equations for critical buckling stress
can be summarized
• For (ƒc) ≤1.5
• Fcr = (0.658)^ (ƒc) * Fy AISCE Equation E2-2
• For (ƒc) >1.5
• Fcr = 0.877/ (ƒc)^2 * Fy. AISCE Equation E2-3
• These two equations are condensed version of five equations that range of ƒc (Galambo, 1998)
• Note that these equations are based on experimental and theoretical studies that account for the effects of residual
stress and initial out-of-straightness of L/1500, where L= length of the member
• And AISCE B7 remembers that the maximum slenderness for compression member is
• KL/r =200
 Problem
• Compute the design compressive strength of W14 X 74 with the a length of 20 feet and pinned
ends. A36 or A50 Steel
• Solution:
• Check slenderness Maximum = KL/r =KL/ry = 1.0 (20*12)/2.48=96.77<200 ok
• Ƒc = KL/rπ(Fy/E)^1/2 =1.085
• Use ƒc =1.5 therefore Fcr = (0.658)^ (ƒc)^2 ) * Fy. =21.99 ksi
• Pn = Ag Fcr= (21.8 in sq) (21.99 ksi) = 479.5 kips
• ØPn = 0.85(479.5) = 408 kips
• Answer =408 kips.
 Problems
• What is the design factored load of W14 x 74 that is 20 long with a pinned
ends. Grade 50 steel (fy=50 ksi)
• Solution:
• Effective length KL = 20, Where K=1, L=20
• From the manual
• ØP = 495 kips for LRFD
n

• Pn/Ω = 395 kip for ASD

 Problem
• A W14 × 74 of A992 steel has a length of 20 feet and pinned ends.
Compute the design compressive strength for LRFD and the allowable
compressive strength for ASD.
 Solution
• Check . Calculate the Slenderness ratio:
• Maximum = KL/ry = 20x12/2.48 = 96.77<200 okay

• Since 96.77 < 113, use AISC Equation E3-2.

 Problems
• Determine the critical buckling load for each of the columns using the
Euler equations E=29,000 ksi, Proportional limit = 36,000 psi. Assume the
simple ends and maximum permissible is l/r =200
• A. Solid round bar of 1 ¼ “ in diameter
• i. L=4 ft
• ii L=2 ft 3 inches
• iii L= 6 ft 6 inches
Solution
 Problem
• This problem will consider the following
• - Determine the strength of the “W” section
• The value of “k”
• Determine effective slenderness ration
• The available critical Øc, Fcr and Fcr/c form Table 4-22 in the Manual
• The Manual Part 4, Table 4-1 to 4-11
 Problem
• Using the column critical stress values in Table 4-22 of the Manual
determine the LRFD design strength Ø*P and the ASD allowable strength
P/Ω for the column shown, Use 50 ksi steel.

W12 X72 15 feet

Pu or Pa
 Problem / Solution
• a. Using the column critical stress values in Table 4-22 of the Manual ,
determine the LRFD design strength Øc Pn and the ASD allowable
strength Pn/ Using 50 ksi
• Solution
• Using W 12 X74 , A = , rx = , ry = , d= , bf= , tf = , K= , tw
• bf/tw = 12/2/0.670 = 8.76 < 0.56 (E/Fy)^1/2 = 0.56 (29,000/50)^1/2 =
13.39
• Therefore, Nonslender unstiffened flange element
 Problem/ Solution cont’d
• h/tw = d-2k/tw = 12.3 -2(1.27)/0.430 = 22.70 < 1.49 (E/Fy)^1/2 = 1.49
(29,000/50)^1/2 =35.88
• Therefore Nonslender stiffened web element
• And k= 0.8 from Table 5.1
• Obviously (KL/r)y > (KL/r)x and thus controls (kl/r)y = (0.8x
12x15)/3.04=47.37
• From straight line interpolation Øc x Fcr = 38.19 ksi and Fcr/Ω =25.45 ksi
from Table 4-22 in the Manual using Fy =50ksi
 Problem/Solution

LRFD ASD
Øc*Pn = Øc* Fcr * Ag = 805.8 k Pn/Ωc = Fcr *Ag/ Ωc = 536.6 k
 Problem/ Solution
• Reap the problem, using Table 4-1 of the manual
• Solution
• Using Table 4-1 in the Manual with KL = (0.8*15) = 12 ft
LRFD ASD

Øt* Pn = 806 k Pn/Ωc = 536 k

 Problem / Solution
• c. Elastic critical buckling stress
• (KL/r) y = 47.37 from part (a )
• Fe = (π)^2 E/(KL/r)^2 = 127.55 ksi from the AISC E3-4
• For buckling stress Fcr
• 4