An introduction to

Matrix Algebra
Algebra
MATRIX
A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of
numbers, arranged in rows and columns.
rows

columns
ORDER OF A MATRIX
The size or order of a matrix is
described by its number of rows
and the number of columns.

If a matrix, A, has m rows and n columns

then A is described as an mxn matrix.
The numbers in a matrix are called its
elements. The element in the ith row and jth
column of a matrix is generally denoted by
aij. A matrix with m rows and n columns is
written or .
Row Matrix

A matrix with just one row is called

a row matrix (or row vector).

A  a1 a 2 , an   aj(1 x n)
Column Matrix
A matrix with just one column is
called a column matrix.
a1 
a 2 
A     ai (m x 1)
 
 
am 
Matrices of the same order

Two matrices which have the Same

number of rows and columns are
said to be matrices of the same
order.
Equal Matrices
Two matrices A = (aij) and B = (bij) are said to be equal if,
and only if, each element aij of A is equal to the
corresponding element bij of B.

In symbolic form this reads:

A=B  aij = bij for all i and j

From this it follows that equal matrices are of the same

order but matrices of the same order are not necessarily
equal.
Null matrix
Any matrix, all of whose elements are zero, is called
a null or zero matrix and is denoted by O.
Matrix Addition

A new matrix C may be defined as the

additive combination of matrices A and B
where: C = A + B
is defined by:

cij aij bij

Note: all three matrices are of the same dimension
Addition
a11 a12 
If A  
a 21 a 22 


b11 b12 
and B  
b 21 b 22


a11  b11 a12  b12 

then C  
a 21  b 21 a 22  b22 

Matrix Addition Example

3 4  1 2  4 6 

A  B        C

5 6 
 3 4  8 10 

Multiplication by a scalar
 If A is a given matrix and a scalar then
A is the matrix each of whose elements is

times the corresponding element of A.

Thus A
 The
Identity
Identity Matrix
Square matrix with ones on the
diagonal and zeros elsewhere.

1 0 0 0 
0 1 0 0 
I   
0 0 1 0
0 
 0 0 1
Equal Matrices

Two matrices A and B are said

to be equal if, and only if, each
element aij of A is equal to the
corresponding element bij of B.
The Null matrix

Any matrix all of whose elements are zero

is called a null or zero matrix
Transpose Matrix
Rows become columns and columns
become rows

a11 a 21 ,, am1 

a12 a 22 ,, am 2 
A'  
     
a1n a 2n ,, amn 
 
Square Matrix
Same number of rows and columns

5 4 7
B  3 6 1 
 
2 1 3 
Matrix Subtraction

C = A - B
Is defined by

Cij  Aij  Bij

Matrix Multiplication
 Let A and B be two matrices. If the number of
columns in A is equal to the number of rows
in B we say that A and B are conformable for
the matrix product AB.
 If A is order m×n and B is of order n×p, then
the product AB is defined and is a matrix of
order m×p.
Matrix Multiplication
Matrices A and B have these dimensions:

[r x c] and [s x d]
Matrix Multiplication
Matrices A and B can be multiplied if:

[m x n] and [n x p]

n=n
Matrix Multiplication

The resulting matrix will have the dimensions:

[m x n] and [n x p]

mxp
Computation: A x B = C
a11 a12 
A  
a 21 a 22 
[2 x 2]
b11 b12 b13 
B 

b 21 b 22 b 23

[2 x 3]
a11b11  a12b 21 a11b12  a12b 22 a11b13  a12b 23 
C 
a 21b11  a 22b 21 a 21b12  a 22b 22 a 21b13  a 22b 23
[2 x 3]
Computation: A x B = C

2 3
1 1 1 

A  1 1  and B   
  
1 0 2 
1 0 
[3 x 2] [2 x 3]
A and B can be multiplied

2 *1  3 *1  5 2 *1  3 * 0  2 2 *1  3 * 2  8 5 2 8
C  1*1  1*1  2 1*1  1* 0  1 1*1  1* 2  3   2 1 3 
1*1  0 *1  1 1*1  0 * 0  1 1*1  0 * 2  1  111 

[3 x 3]
Computation: A x B = C

2 3
1 1 1 

A  1 1  and B   
  
1 0 2 
1 0 
[3 x 2] [2 x 3]
Result is 3 x 3

2 *1  3 *1  5 2 *1  3 * 0  2 2 *1  3 * 2  8 5 2 8
C  1*1  1*1  2 1*1  1* 0  1 1*1  1* 2  3   2 1 3 
1*1  0 *1  1 1*1  0 * 0  1 1*1  0 * 2  1  111 
[3 x 3]
Note:
 If A is an m×n and B is n×p matrix, then AB is
an m×p matrix. Hence we see that BA is
defined only when p=m.
Inversion
The Inverse of a Matrix
Definition:
Let A be a square matrix. A matrix B
such that AB=I=BA is called the inverse
matrix of A and is denoted by A-1.

So if A-1 exists, we have AA-1=I=A-1A

and the matrix is said to be invertible.

If a matrix has no inverse, then it is said

to be non-invertible.
The Inverse of a Matrix

1 1
A A  AA  I

Like a reciprocal Like the number one

in scalar math in scalar math
Linear System of Simultaneous
Equations

First precinct: 6 arrests last week equally divided

between felonies and misdemeanors.

Second precinct: 9 arrests - there were twice as

many felonies as the first precinct.

1st Pr ecinct : x1  x 2  6
2nd Pr ecinct : 2x1  x 2  9
 1 1    11 
Solution Note: Inverse of 2 1
 
is 2  1
 
1 1   x1  6
2 1 *  x   9 
   2  
 11  11   x1   11  6 Premultiply both sides by
2  1 * 2 1 *  x   2  1 * 9  inverse matrix
     2    

1 0  x1  3 A square matrix multiplied by its

0 1 *  x   3 inverse results in the identity matrix.
   2  

 x1  3 A 2x2 identity matrix multiplied by

x  
the 2x1 matrix results in the original
3 2x1 matrix.
 2  
General Form
n equations in n variables:
n
 aij xj  bi or Ax  b
j1

unknown values of x can be found using the inverse of

matrix A such that
1 1
x  A Ax  A b
Garin-Lowry Model

Ax  y  x
The object is to find x given A and y . This is
done by solving for x :

y  Ix  Ax
y  (I  A)x
1
(I  A) y  x
Matrix Operations in Excel

Select the
cells in
which the
answer
will
appear
Matrix Multiplication in Excel

1) Enter
“=mmult(“
2) Select the
cells of the
first matrix
3) Enter comma
“,”
4) Select the
cells of the
second matrix
5) Enter “)”
Matrix Multiplication in Excel

Enter these
three
key
strokes
at the
same
time:
control
shift
enter
Matrix Inversion in Excel
 Follow the same procedure
 Select cells in which answer is to be
displayed
 Enter the formula: =minverse(
 Select the cells containing the matrix to be
inverted
 Close parenthesis – type “)”
 Press three keys: Control, shift, enter