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Bio Statistics

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14 views8 pages

Bio Statistics

Uploaded by

Rani Khatun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Name of the Topic :- Hypothesis testing

Examination: 1st Continuous Assessment (1st CA)


Name: Asraful sk
Roll Number: 35601921065
Registration Number: 213560201920002
Semester: 8th
Year :- 4th
Subject: Biostatistics and Research Methodology
Paper Code: pt-817
Academic Session: 2023-2024

Global College of Pharmaceutical Technology


(A Unit of National Centre for Development of Technical Education)
Contents:-
1. Introduction
2. Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis
3. The level of significance
4. P-value
5. Decision Rule or test of hypothesis
6. Two-tailed and one-tailed test
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Introduction:-
Hypothesis testing is a process of deciding statistically whether the
findings of a research show chance or real effects at a given level of
probability. Hypothesis testing is depending or probability theory and
sampling. It consists of stating the hypothesis (null or alternative
construction of data gathering tools, collection of data, statistical
analysis and drawing inferences from the results. Research in which the
independent variable is manipulated called ‘experimental hypothesis-
testing research’ and a research in which an independent variable is not
manipulated is called ‘non-experimental hypothesis testing research.
Somed important concepts in the context of testing of hypothesis are as follows:
Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis:
If two methods are compared about its superiority and
proceed on the assumption the both methods are equally
good, then this assumption is called as null hypothesis (Ha).
It me conclude that method A is superior than method B then
it is called as alternative hypothes (H). Both hypothesis are
chosen before the sample is drawn. Generally, in hypothesis
testing. Researcher can proceed on the basis of null
hypothesis, keeping the aytemayve hypothesis in view.
Researcher can assign the probabilities to differte keeping the
alternative hypothesis in hypothesis is true, but this cannot be
done if proceed with the alternative hypothesis. Hence, the
use of null hypothesis is quite frequent
The Level of Significance:

This is the essential concepts of hypothesis testing and is always considered in


percentages (normally 5%). Significance level is the maximum values of the
probability of rejecting a null hypothesis when it is true. It is usually
determined in advance before testing the hypothesis. For example, if you
assume the significance level to be 5%, it means that the researcher is ready to
take 5% risk to reject the null hypothesis when it happens to be true.
P-Value:

The p-value is the level of marginal significance within a statistical


hypothesis test representing the probability of the occurrence of a given event.
The p-value is used as an alternative to rejection points to provide the smallest
level of significance at which the null hypothesis would be rejected. A p-value
is used in hypothesis testing to help you support or reject the null hypothesis
Decision Rule or Test of Hypothesis:

Researcher can design a rule which is known as decision rule according to which it may accept
Ho (reject H₂) or reject Ho (accept H₂). Researcher must decide the number of items to be tested
and the criterion for accepting or rejecting the hypothesis. For example, if five items are tested in
the lot and plan the decision that null hypothesis will be accepted only if out of those five items,
either none is defective or only 1 is defective, otherwise alternative hypothesis will be accepted.

Two-tailed and One-tailed Test:

In the context of hypothesis testing, two tailed tests and one-tailed tests are important and must be clearly
understood by the researcher. A two tailed test rejects the null hypothesis if the sample mean is either
more or less than the hypothesized value of the mean of the population. Test is appropriate when the null
hypothesis is some specific value and the alternative hypothesis is a value not equal to the specified value
of null hypothesis. In a two-tailed curve, there are two rejection regions also called critical regions. When
the population means is either lower or higher than some hypothesized value, the one tailed test is
considered to be appropriate. If the rejection area is only on the left tail of the curve, then this is known as
left-tailed test.
Reference

BIOSTATISTICS AND RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY– Prof. Chandrakant Kokare –Nirali

Prakashan.
THANK YOU

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