Thermal Death Kinetics
Thermal Death Kinetics
Thermal Death Kinetics
THERMAL
REDUCTION
PHRM 433
OUTLINE
106 D is the time required for one log reduction (90% kill)
Can be calculated using:
Δt
DT=
log N1-logN2
10 5
# Bacteria
103
Time
Example 1:
Δt Δt: 15 minutes
DT= N1: 109 cfu/ml
log N1-logN2
N2: 106 cfu/ml
15 T= 85˚ C
D85=
log 109-log106
15
D85=
9- 6
D85= 5 minutes
Example 2:
Δt Δt: ? minutes
DT= N1: 108 cfu/ml
log N1-logN2
N2: 1 cfu/ml
Δt T= 90˚ C
2=
log 108-log101
Δt
2=
8- 0
Δt = 16 minutes
The D value: an index for sensitivity to thermal killing
105
# Bacteria
104
DE.coli DB.subtilis
100oC
103
Time
The D value is temperature dependent
105
# Bacteria
Time
Kinetics of thermal reduction: the Z value
Z value
100 increase in temperature required to reduce
D by 1/10 (one log reduction)
D value (min)
ΔT
Z=
log D1-logD2
10
ΔT: Temperature change
1 log D1: initial D value
D2: secondary D value
1
Z =10˚C
The Z value for a microorganism is 2oC. it takes 54 minutes at 75oC to reduce the
population from 109 to 106. At what temperature should the microorganism be
treated to achieve the same result in 10.8 sec.
Answer=800C
The thermal death kinetics may be represented by the following equation:
-dN/dt = kd N 1
Where,
N, is the number of viable organisms present,
T, is the time of the sterilization treatment
kd, is the reaction rate constant of the reaction,
or the specific death rate per time.
On integration of equation (i) from t=0’ to t=t,we have the following expression :
Nt/N0 =e-kdt 2
where
No is the number of viable organisms present at the start of the sterilization treatment,
Nt is the number of viable organisms present after a treatment period, t.
On taking natural logarithms, equation (2) is reduced to:
ln(Nt/N0) = - kd t 3
The graphically equations (1) and (3) are represented as,
The relationship observed in the above graph would be found only with the
sterilization of a pure culture in one physiological form, under ideal sterilization
conditions.
From Principles of Fermentation
Technology,- Peter F. Stanbury,
Allen Whitaker, Stephen J. Hall,
Second Edition,
Thermal Death Kinetics:
14
dnt
= - k d nt (1)
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dt
Jan
where
nt is the number of live organisms present
t is the sterilization time
kd is the first-order thermal specific death rate
kd depends on the type of species, the physiological form of the cells, as well as the
temperature.
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n (2)
ln = - kd dt
t
no
Jan
0
t
n
no
t
= exp - kd dt
0
( ) (3)
Survival factor
1 no
Inactivation factor ≡ = nt
Survival factor
Thermal Death Kinetics (isothermal operation):
kd is a function of temperature, and therefore it is a constant for isothermal operations. 16
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(2) therefore gives
Jan
n (4)
ln = - kd t
t
no
n
= exp(- kd t)
t
(5)
no
Thermal Death Kinetics
(non-isothermal operation): 17
kd is expressed by the Arrhenius equation given below:
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( )
Jan
Ed
kd = kdo exp - RT
(6)
where
kdo Arrhenius constant for thermal cell death
Ed is the activation energy for thermal cell death
R is the universal gas constant
T is the absolute temperature
Thermal Death Kinetics
(non-isothermal operation): 18
When kd of (6) is substituted in (2), we get the following:
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Jan
t
( )
Ed
n - (7)
ln -k
t
exp dt
no = do RT
0
To carry out the above integration, we need to know how the temperature (T) changes with
time (t).
Determining the Arrhenius constants:
19
kd = kdo exp - ( ) Ed
RT
(6)
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Jan
Ed
ln(kd) = ln(kdo) - RT
(7)
ln(kd) ln(kdo)
Ed
R
1/T
Example 1:
A fermentation medium contains an initial spores concentration of 8.5 x 10 10. The medium is
20
sterilized thermally at 120oC, and the spore density was noted with the progress of time as
given below:
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Time 0 5 10 15 20 30
Jan
(min)
Spore density 8.5 x 4.23 x 6.2 x 1.8 x 4.5 x 32.5
(m-3) 1010 109 107 106 104
a) Find the thermal specific death rate.
b) Calculate the survival factor at 40 min.
Solution to Example 1:
Data provided: no = 8.5 x 1010
21
nt versus t data are given
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Isothermal operation at 120oC.
Jan
a) Since it is an isothermal operation, thermal specific death rate (kd) is a constant.
Therefore, (4) can be used as follows:
nt
ln = - kd t + c
no
Plotting ln(nt /no) versus t and finding the slope will give the numerical value of kd.
Solution to Example 1:
t (min) 22
0 10 20 30
0
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Jan
-5
ln(nt/no)
-10
-15
y = -0.7201x
-20 2
R = 0.9988
-25
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0.8
Jan
0.6
nt/no
0.4
0.2
0
0 10 t (min) 20 30
Solution to Example 1:
b) Since kd is known from part (a), the survival factor at 40 min can be calculated using
24
(5) as follows:
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nt
= exp (- 0.720 per min x t)
Jan
no
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Temperature (oC) 115 120 125
Jan
kd (min-1) 0.035 0.112 0.347
a) Calculate the activation energy (Ed) and Arrhenius constant (kdo) of the thermal
specific death rate kd.
b) Find kd at 130oC.
Solution to Example 2:
26
Data provided: kd versus temperature data are given
a) Activation energy (Ed) and Arrhenius constant (kdo) of the thermal specific death rate
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(kd) can be determined starting from (10.7) as follows:
Jan
Ed
ln(kd) = ln(kdo) -
RT
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0
Jan
-0.5 y = -35425x + 87.949
-1 R2 = 1
-1.5
ln(kd)
-2
-2.5
-3
-3.5
-4
Slope = –Ed/R = –35425 K
Intercept = ln(kdo) = 87.949
Solution to Example 2:
28
Slope = –Ed/R = –35425 K
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Ed = (35425 K) (R) = 35425 x 8.314 kJ/kmol = 294.5 kJ/mol
Jan
Intercept = ln(kdo) = 87.949 Activation energy
Arrhenius constant
Solution to Example 2:
29
b) Since activation energy (Ed) and Arrhenius constant (kdo) of the thermal specific
death rate (kd) are known from part (a), kd at 130oC can be determined using (6) as
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follows:
Jan
kd = kdo exp
( ) -
Ed
RT
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0.5
Jan
0
y = -35484x + 88.101
-0.5
-1 R2 = 1
ln(kd)
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
-3.5
-4