Gyroscopes

Gyroscopes
GROUPS:67A&P,36Avinics
Main parts
1 2 3 4 5
Classification types of Gyro Definition of The First Law of The Second Law
Terms Gyrodynamics of Gyrodynamics
2 Presentation title 20XX

Introduction
Gyroscopes consist of a symmetrical rotor spinning rapidly about its axis and
free to
rotate about one or more perpendicular axes. Freedom of movement about one
axis
is usually achieved by mounting the rotor in a gimbal, and complete freedom by
using two gimbals, as illustrated.
The physical laws that govern the behavior of a gyroscope are identical to those
which account for the behavior of the Earth itself. The two principal properties
of a
gyro are rigidity in inertial space (inertial space being a fixed spatial reference)
and
precession. These properties are exploited in heading reference systems, inertial
navigation systems, and some aircraft instruments.
3
Classification of Gyroscopes:
Gyroscopes may be classified in terms of the quantity they measure, namely:
1)Angular displacement from a known datum.
2) Rate of angular displacement of a vehicle.
3) The integral of an input to time.
In the table below many types of gyroscopes are listed. It will be seen that a
displacement gyroscope could be classified as a two degree of freedom gyro or a
space gyro. Note also that the classification does not consider the spin axis of a
gyroscope as a degree of freedom. Here a degree of freedom is defined as “the
ability to measure movement about a chosen axis”.

1)types of Gyro
1)Displacement 2)Rate Gyroscope: 3)Rate Integrating
Gyro: Gyroscope :
Used in Guidance&
Used in Guidance& Control: Used in Guidance &
Control: Heading Aircraft Instruments. Control:
Reference, Gyro Characteristics: Inertial navigation.
Inertial Nav Systems. Modified single degree of Gyro Characteristics:
Gyro Characteristics: freedom gyro, Modified single degree of
Two Degrees of Freedom, Illustrates the principle of Freedom,
Defines direction wrt secondary precession. Illustrates the principle of
space, thus it is called a secondary precession
space gyro or free gyro.

Definition of Terms:
The following fundamental mechanical definitions provide the basis for the laws of
gyrodynamics:
Momentum: Momentum is the product of mass and velocity (mv).
Angular Velocity: Angular velocity is the rate of motion through an angle in degrees, radians, or revolutions per
unit of time.
Angular Momentum: This is the product of the moment of inertia and angular velocity.
Moment of Inertia: The moment of inertia I, of a body about any axis is the sum of the products of the mass, m, of
each element of the body and the square of r, its distance from the axis I = mr^2.
Rigidity in Space:
If the rotor of a perfect displacement gyroscope is spinning at a constant angular velocity, and therefore constant
angular momentum, no matter how the frame is turned no torque is transmitted to the rotor axis.
The law of conservation of angular momentum states that the momentum of a body is unchanged unless a torque is
applied to that body. It follows from this that the angular momentum of the rotor must remain constant in magnitude
and direction.
This is simply another way of saying that the rotor spin axis continues to point in the same direction in inertial space.
This property of a gyro is defined in the First Law of Gyrodynamics.

The First Law of Gyrodynamics:
If a rotating body is so mounted as to be completely free to move about any axis
through the center of mass, then its spin axis remains fixed in inertial space however
much the frame may be displaced.
A space gyroscope loses its property of rigidity in space if the spin axis is subjected
to random torques, some causes of which will be examined later.
Precession:
Consider the free gyroscope in the figure spinning with constant angular momentum
about the XX axis. If a small mass, M, is placed on the inner gimbal ring it exerts a
downward force F, producing a torque T about the YY axis. By the laws of
rotating bodies this torque should produce an angular acceleration about the YY
axis.
Initially, the gyro spin axis will tilt through a small angle ( in Fig below) after which
no further movement takes place about the YY axis.
The spin axis then commences to turn at a constant angular velocity about the axis
perpendicular to both XX and YY; ie the ZZ axis. This motion about the ZZ axis is
known as precession, and is the subject of the Second Law of Gyrodynamics.

The Second Law of Gyrodynamics:
If a constant torque is applied about an axis perpendicular to the spin axis of an

unconstrained, symmetrical spinning body, then the spin axis will process steadily
about an axis mutually perpendicular to the spin axis and the torque axis.
Precession ceases as soon as the torque is withdrawn, but if the torque application
is continued, precession will continue until the direction of spin is the same as the
the direction of the applied torque.
If however, the direction of the torque applied to the inner gimbal axis moves as the rotor processes, the direction of
spin will never coincide with the direction of the applied torque.
Direction of Precession:
The figure below shows a simple ‘rule of thumb’ to determine the direction of
precession.
Consider the torque as being due to force acting at right angles to the place of spin
at a point on the rotor rim.
Carry this force around the rim through 90 in the direction of rotor spin.
The torque will act through this point resulting in the rotor processing in
the direction is shown.

Causes of Unwanted Precession:
In addition to the apparent wander of the gyroscope, bearing friction and rotor
unbalance will cause precession of the spin axis away from its correct position.
During manufacture, the gyro assembly will be statically and dynamically balanced
thereby reducing considerably the likelihood of this real wander (precession).
Precession:
When a force is applied to the spinning rotor, that force does not act at the point of
application, but acts at a point which is 90 removed from it in the direction of the
spin.
In order to process a gyro we must overcome its rigidity. The higher the rotor speed
the greater the force required to process it. Similarly, the larger the moment of
inertia the greater the force required.
Precession=F/SI=1/R
where:
R = rigidity
S = speed of the rotor
I = moment of inertia
F = external force

Gyroscopic Resistance:
In discussing precession it was shown that after a small deflection in the torque
axis, movement about this axis ceased, despite the continued application of the
external torque.
This state of equilibrium means that the sum of all the torques
acting about this axis is zero.
They must therefore be acting about this axis a resultant torque, L, which is equal and opposite to the external torque,
as shown below.
This resistance is known as Gyroscopic Resistance and is created by internal

couples in a precessing gyroscope.

Rigidity:
Rigidity is the reluctance of the gyroscope to change the direction of its spin axis.
The magnitude of rigidity is directly proportional to the speed of the rotor.
The faster it spins the greater the rigidity it acquires.
It is also proportional to the moment of inertia of the rotor.
To improve the moment of inertia, the rotor is given as large a radius as the design factors permit and the bulk of its
weight is concentrated at the rim.
Finally, rigidity is inversely proportional to the external force applied.
R=S*I/F
R = rigidity
S = speed of the rotor
I = moment of inertia
F = external force

Thank’s
Powered by: Yossef Mohamed,
Omer Salah, Retaj Tamer, Nada
Ahmad, Shady Atrees.

Gyroscopes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Gyroscopes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Gyroscopes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Gyroscopes

2 Presentation title 20XX

Gyroscopes may be classified in terms of the quantity they measure, namely:

1)Angular displacement from a known datum.

2) Rate of angular displacement of a vehicle.

3) The integral of an input to time.

displacement gyroscope could be classified as a two degree of freedom gyro or a

gyroscope as a degree of freedom. Here a degree of freedom is defined as “the

ability to measure movement about a chosen axis”.

4 Presentation title 20XX

5 Presentation title 20XX

Momentum: Momentum is the product of mass and velocity (mv).

6 Presentation title 20XX

7 Presentation title 20XX

If a constant torque is applied about an axis perpendicular to the spin axis of an

8 Presentation title 20XX

9 Presentation title 20XX

This resistance is known as Gyroscopic Resistance and is created by internal

10 Presentation title 20XX

11 Presentation title 20XX

You might also like