Strength of Materials Chapter One

Strength of Materials
Lecturer:
Nzar Shakr Piro
Syllabus
• CH-1. Stress
i. Introduction
ii. Equilibrium of Deformable Body
iii.Stress
iv.Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bar
v. Average Shear Stress
vi.Allowable Stress
vii.Design of Simple Connection
Chapter One : Stress
1.1- Introduction:
Mechanics of materials is a branch of mechanics that studies the

internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to
an external loading. Stress is associated with the strength of the
material from which the body is made, while strain is a measure of the
deformation of the body.
1.2- Equilibrium of Deformable Body:
External Loads. A body is subjected to only two types of external loads; namely,
surface forces or body forces, Fig. 1–1.
Surface Forces. Surface forces are caused by the direct contact of one body with the
surface of another. In all cases these forces are distributed over the area of contact
between the bodies.
Body Forces. A body force is developed when one body exerts a force on another
body without direct physical contact between the bodies.
Support Reactions. The surface forces that develop at the supports or points of
contact between bodies are called reactions.
Equations of Equilibrium. Equilibrium of a body requires both a balance of forces, to
prevent the body from translating or having accelerated motion along a straight or
curved path, and a balance of moments, to prevent the body from rotating. These
conditions can be expressed mathematically by two vector equations
Often in engineering practice the loading on a body can be represented as a system of

coplanar forces. If this is the case, and the forces lie in the x–y plane
Internal Resultant Loadings. In mechanics of materials, statics is primarily used to
determine the resultant loadings that act within a body.
Normal force, N. This force acts perpendicular to the area. It is developed whenever
the external loads tend to push or pull on the two segments of the body.
Shear force, V. The shear force lies in the plane of the area and it is developed
when the external loads tend to cause the two segments of the body to slide over
one another.
Bending moment, M. The bending moment is caused by the external loads that
tend to bend the body about an axis lying within the plane of the area.
Example 2. Determine the resultant internal loadings on the cross section through
point C. Assume the reactions at the supports A and B are vertical.
Example3. Determine the normal force, shear force, and moment at a section
through point C. Take P=8 kN
1.4- Average Normal Stresses
Stress is defined as the strength of a material per unit area or unit strength. It is the
force on a member divided by area, which carries the force, formerly express in psi, now
in N/mm2 or MPa. σ=P/A
where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the area in mm 2. The
maximum stress in tension or compression occurs over a section normal to the load.
Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress. Members subject to pure
tension (or tensile force) is under tensile stress, while compression members (members
subject to compressive force) are under compressive stress.
Compressive force will tend to shorten the member. Tension force on the other hand will
tend to lengthen the member.
Example4. The 80-kg lamp is supported by two rods AB and BC as shown in Figure
below. If AB has a diameter of 10 mm and BC has a diameter of 8 mm, determine the
average normal stress in each rod.
1.5- Average Shear Force
•Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress. It differs to tensile
and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces perpendicular to the area on
which they act. Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress.
•τ =V/A
where V is the resultant shearing force which passes through the centroid of the area A
being sheared.
Example8. The beam is supported by a pin at A and a short link BC. If P = 15 kN,
determine the average shear stress developed in the pins at A, B, and C. All pins are
in double shear as shown, and each has a diameter of 18 mm.
1.6- Allowable Stress
To properly design a structural member or mechanical element it is necessary to
restrict the stress in the material to a level that will be safe. To ensure this safety, it is
therefore necessary to choose an allowable stress that restricts the applied load to one
that is less than the load the member can fully support.
1.7- Design of Simple Connection
By making simplifying assumptions regarding the behavior of the material, the

equations σ = P/A and τavg = V/A can often be used to analyze or design a simple
connection or mechanical element. In particular, if a member is subjected to normal
force at a section, its required area at the section is determined from
On the other hand, if the section is subjected to an average shear force, then the
required area at the section is
Example9. Rods AC and BC are used to suspend the 200-kg mass. If each rod is
made of a material for which the average normal stress can not exceed 150 MPa,
determine the minimum required diameter of each rod to the nearest mm

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Strength of Materials

Mechanics of materials is a branch of mechanics that studies the

Often in engineering practice the loading on a body can be represented as a system of

By making simplifying assumptions regarding the behavior of the material, the

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