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Sampling Distribution

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isra Shoukat
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18 views22 pages

Sampling Distribution

Uploaded by

isra Shoukat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sampling Distribution

TOPICS FOR TODAY

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In today’s lecture, we begin
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS ---
that branch of Statistics which
enables us to to draw conclusions
or inferences about various
phenomena on the basis of real
data collected on sample basis.
In this regard, the first point to be
noted is that statistical inference
can be divided into two main
branches --- estimation, and
hypothesis-testing.
Estimation itself can be further
divided into two branches ---
point estimation, and interval
estimation.
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

The probability distribution of


any statistic (such as the mean, the
standard deviation, the proportion
of successes in a sample, etc.) is
known as its sampling
distribution.
Statistical Inference

Hypothesis
Estimation
Testing

Point Interval
Estimation Estimation
The second important point is that
the concept of sampling
distributions forms the basis
for both estimation and
hypothesis-testing,
In this regard, the first
point to be noted is that there
are two ways of sampling ---
sampling with replacement,
and sampling without
replacement.
In case of a finite
population containing N
elements, the total number of
possible samples of size n that
can be drawn from this
population with replacement
is N .
n
On the other hand:
In case of a finite
population containing N
elements, the total number of
possible samples of size n that
can be drawn from this
population without
 N
replacement is   .
 n
We begin with the sampling
distribution of X:
We illustrate the
concept of the
sampling distribution
of X with the help
of the following
example:
EXAMPLE
Let us examine the case of an
annual Ministry of Transport test to
which all cars, irrespective of age,
have to be submitted.
The test looks for faulty breaks,
steering, lights and suspension, and
it is discovered after the first year
that approximately the same
number of cars have 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4
faults.
The above situation is
equivalent to the
following:
Let X denote the number of
faults in a car.
Then X can take the values
0, 1, 2, 3, and 4,
and the probability of each of
these X values is 1/5.
Hence, we have the
following probability
distribution:
No. of Probability
Faulty Items f(x)
(X)
0 1/5
1 1/5
2 1/5
3 1/5
4 1/5
Total 1
In order to compute the mean
and standard deviation of this
probability distribution, we
carry out the following
computations:
No. of
Probability 2
Faulty Items x f(x) x f(x)
f(x)
(x)
0 1/5 0 0
1 1/5 1/5 1/5
2 1/5 2/5 4/5
3 1/5 3/5 9/5
4 1/5 4/5 16/5
Total 1 10/5=2 30/5=6
MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION:

  EX    xf x  2
  Var X   EX   EX 
2 2 2

  x f x    x f x 
2 2

2
 62  64  2
   2  1.414
Practically speaking, only
a sample of the cars will be
tested at any one occasion,
and, as such, we are interested
in considering the results that
would be obtained if a
sample of vehicles is tested.

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