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TECHNICAL TERMS

USED IN RESEARCH
TECHNICAL AND
OPERATIONAL
DEFINITIONS
EXPANDED
DEFINITION
OF WORDS
Expanded definition is used to
define technical terms with a very
detailed
explanation, sometimes, with the
use of examples and visuals.
Expanded definitions
are usually found in academic
texts (Gonzales, et al., 2017).
ACADEMIC TEXT
Academic text is defined as critical, objective, specialized texts written
by. experts or professionals in a given field using formal language.
This means that. academic texts are based on facts with solid basis.
Expanding by Giving an Example
Speed is a concept that marks our time. Everybody is
in a hurry to
go somewhere. Industry is constantly demanding new
inventions that will speed
up production so that the constant cry of the bosses to
the workmen is speed it
up! The maker of automobiles boasts of the newest
type of a car which is faster
than the old model. Shoppers push and shove each
other all about the counters.
All are in a hurry to get something. People who are
going to school, shop, or office
rush breathlessly to do important tasks, they gulp their
food and swallow it in
haste. Restless “hunters of fun” crowd into places of
entertainment. Most of these
people cannot sit still. At a movie, they tap their feet or
finger in impatience. Yes,
speed is the word of the day (Gorgon, et al., 2010).
By studying the paragraph
above, can you identify the
word being
defined? Can you also give
examples that were stated to
expand the definition
of speed being “a concept the
marks our time”?
Expanding by Comparing and Contrasting
Speed is a concept that marks our day.
Sluggishness is out. Speed is
demanded by industry which is constantly on look-
out for new inventions.
Sluggishness is penalized, especially in industries
where compensation depends
upon output. Speed is the attractive come-on for
short-term courses in cooking,
computerizing, sewing, diving, learning a new
language, and others. The slower
long-term courses are not so appealing. Instant
coffee is usually preferred to coffee
that needs to be boiled. Yes, speed is the word of
the day (Gorgon, et al., 2010).
Looking at the given
example, identify which is
speed compared to in the
given definition. How is
speed different from
sluggishness?
Expanding by Describing a Process
The process of speeding up in a vehicle begins with the
setting of the
gear level to the first gear. This moves the vehicle from
a stationary to a slow
speed of about less than ten kilometers per hour (kph).
Gradually you shift the
gear to the next, pressing the accelerator pedal at the
same time to attain a speed
between 10-30 kph. You pick up more speed by
shifting gears to the next higher
levels at speed beyond 30 kph. To do this, however
along with the shift or fourth
gear, ever-increasing pressure must be exerted on the
accelerator.
The only time you lift your foot from the
accelerator is when you shift gears, so that you
can step
on the clutch pedal simultaneously with the
shifting. After releasing the clutch
pedal, you immediately step on the accelerator
pedal while picking up speed.
Maximum speed is attained once you shift to
the fourth, or in the case of some
vehicles, the fifth gear, at which you travel at
speeds of 80 kph or above (Gorgon,
et al., 2010).
Activity 3: My Definition
Study the definition below and answer the questions that follow.
For me, the word love means trust, friendship, and unselfishness. First of
all, love means trust because when you trust someone, you can talk to him/her
about anything. For example, I trust my girlfriend 100%. It is because I trust her
that I know I can tell her anything, and that is why I love her. Furthermore, I
believe that love means friendship because the people who you spend time with
are your friends, and if you do not love them, then why would you hang out with
them?
To illustrate, I love my two best friends because they are like brothers
to
me. We are always laughing and protecting each other. Finally, love
means
unselfishness because when you love someone and they love you
back, there
should always be sharing. For instance, my next-door neighbor’s wife
never
shares anything with her husband, such as food, drinks, possessions,
etc. I sure
do not see a whole lot of love there. For me, love means the above
three things
(Pardede, 2011).
1. What is the word being defined?
___________________________________
2. How was the definition being expanded?
___________________________________
3. If you were to expand further the
definition, what are you going to add?
__________________________
You write a one-paragraph essay
with 5-10 sentences to define the
word
“family”. You use any of the given
ways on how to expand a definition
into a
paragraph. 20 points.
CORRECT
GRAMMAR IN
MAKING A
DEFINITION
S-form of
the verb
1.S-form of the verb is formed by adding -s to the base form of the
verb.
Base Form S- form
Run Runs Cook Cooks
2.S-form of the verb is formed by adding -es to the base form of the
verb ending in vowels.
Base Form S- form
Go Goes
Do Does
3.S-form of the verb is formed by adding -es to the base form of the
verb ending in ss, sh, (t)ch, zz, and x:
Base Form S- form
Miss Misses
Push Pushes
Rule 4: WHEN WORDS END IN -S
Subjects that end in -s and appear to be
plural but are really singular, require
S-form of the verbs
Example 1:
is a highly contagious illness caused by a virus that replicates
in the nose and throat of an infected child or adult.
Example 2:
Calculus is the branch of mathematics that deals with the finding and
properties of derivatives and integrals of functions, by methods
originally based
on the summation of infinitesimal differences.
Measles and calculus end with -s. They are plural in form but singular
in meaning.
Rule 4 says words plural in form but singular in meaning takes S-
form of the verb. Hence, S-form of the be verb is used in both
definitions.
Rule 5: WHEN A COLLECTIVE NOUN IS USED
When regarded as a unit, collective nouns, as well as noun phrases denoting
quantity, take singular verbs.
is a basic social unit consisting of people who are related to each
blood, love or trust.
Family is a collective noun regarded as a single unit. It is singular in number
for it does not indicate many units in the family. Hence, S-form of the verb
or singular verb is used.
How do you identify it is taken as a single unit? The key question is
whether what is referred is the group itself. If it rather talks about the
individual members of the group, then it denotes plurality.
Activity 4: Best Fit
Directions. Read the definitions below. Then, choose the verb form that fits
best the sentence. Write your answers on your answer sheet.
1.Abstract noun (is, are) a noun that names an idea, event, quality, or concept.
2.Acrostic (is, are) a poetic form which is organized by the initial letters of a key word,
either at the beginning of lines, or with lines arranged around them.
3.An apostrophe (is, are) a punctuation mark used to indicate either omitted letters or
possession.
4.Assonance or vowel rhyme (is, are) a sound device which is repetition of vowel sounds.
5.Ballad (is, are) a poem or song which tells a story characterized by short, regular verses
with a rhyme scheme.
6.Combinatorics (is, are) the study of different combinations and groupings of numbers,
often used in probability and statistics, as well as in scheduling problems and Sudoku
puzzles.
7.Game Theory (is, are) a branch of mathematics that attempts to mathematically capture
behavior in strategic situations, in which an individual’s success in making choices
depends on the choices of others, with applications in the areas of economics, politics,
biology, engineering, etc.
8.Group Theory (is, are) the mathematical field that studies the algebraic structures and
properties of groups and the mappings between them
9.Hyperbola (is, are) a smooth symmetrical curve with two branches produced by the
section of a conical surface
10. Linear Regression (is, are) a technique in statistics and probability theory for
modelling scattered data by assuming an approximate linear relationship between the
dependent and independent variables
11.Nervous System (is, are) a network of specialized cells that help an organism
communicate information about the surroundings and thus react
accordingly is known as nervous system.
12. Non-Renewable Resources (is, are) natural resources such as coal or mineral ores that
are not replaceable after its removal.
13. Nuclear Physics (is, are) the branch of science that studies the nucleus of an atom is
known as nuclear physics. It is a subfield of quantum physics.
14. Photolysis (is, are) a chemical process by which molecules are broken down into
smaller units through the absorption of light.
15. Primary Air Pollutants (is, are) pollutants that are pumped into our atmosphere and
directly pollute the air.
COMPOSE RESEARCH
REPORT ABOUT
RELEVANT ISSUE
Research report serves as preparatory for writing research paper. For you to be able
to write a research paper you have to learn first how to write a research report. It
does not only
improve writing skills but also reading skills.
As you gather data and review literature related to
your research problem, you gain knowledge and
your reasoning skills are developed. Hence,
by doing so, it enables you to understand issues that
are complex and even find solutions to
the problems. Being socially aware is significant in
every study
GUIDELINES IN WRITING A
RESEARCH REPORT
Choose a research paper topic
There are lots of interesting topics to choose from. List down
anything relevant that could
be interesting. List as many as you can then narrow it down
until you come up with your final
choice. You may get some ideas or be inspired by other
research but the best way is to do
brainstorming with fellow students and ask for help from your
teacher. As a high school student,
subjects related to teen issues like drug addiction, teenage
pregnancy, cyberbullying, etc. can
be a good topic.
How do we narrow down research
topics? Below are the common ways
to narrow it
down:
By demographic characteristics
Identify the age group, occupation,
ethnic group, gender, etc.
e.g. challenges faced by Grade 9
students on online distance learning
By relevant issues
Identify key issues related to your topic. If your
topic is about the new normal in
education, think of related issues.
e.g. challenges faced by Grade 9 students of
Guiguinto National Vocational High School
who have no access to internet for online distance
learning
By location
Focus on a specific country, province, city, or type
of environment.
e.g. challenges faced by Grade 9 students of
Guiguinto National Vocational High
School who have no access to internet for online
distance learning
By timeframe
Decide for the specific period of time you want for
your study. This will help you
also for what kind of information will be needed for
the study.
e.g. challenges faced by Grade 9 students of
Guiguinto National Vocational High School
who have no access to internet for online distance
learning during COVID 19 period
By causes
You may also use the cause perspective for
your research.
e.g. Why do Grade 9 students of Guiguinto
National Vocational High School who have
no access to internet for online distance
learning during COVID 19 period have
difficulty
in learning?
2.Conduct initial Research
Now that you have decided on your topic, conduct initial research that
may help you to
gain more ideas may they be similar to you or contrary to what you
already know. By this, it
enables you to verify the ideas you have in your mind. Look for sources
like books, articles, and
other research materials to know everything that is needed for your
research report.
Make a list of things that you want to know
or verify for you not to miss important
details.
Here you are going to review some
literature related to your topics. You may
use the following
tips on how to review literature:
1. Search for literature
You have to search for literature systematically.
Carefully search for all literature
related and conducive on your study like books,
articles, dissertations, conferences and
reviews. Aside from searching for literature that
agrees with your arguments or positions
you may also search for items that are contrary to
what you believe in for verification
purposes.
2. Read thoroughly and evaluate the articles
carefully.
As you analyze the articles consider their
findings that are similar and contrast,
the methodology used, the trend, and influential
theories. You may find data that will
prove your arguments.
3. Organize the selected papers or
articles
Look for the patterns then develops
subtopics. Take note of the findings,
trends and theories that may serve as
your guide and proof.
4. Write the review
Remember the guidelines in a well-written
paragraph. Make sure to follow the
logical order of your ideas from the main
heading to sub headings and use appropriate
transitions to have a smooth flow of ideas.
Arrange the information by sections and by
themes and not by researchers.
5. Read again the review
Read again your review on literature and make
sure that it is free from
grammatical errors, wrong sentence structures
and plagiarism. Don’t forget to cite
references. Check the organization of thoughts
and presentations of different
arguments.
3. Develop a thesis statement
A thesis statement is a statement of your research
problem or the title. It establishes the
main idea of the research problem. In writing a thesis
statement, it has to be concise, coherent,
and relevant. —in short, it should summarize your
argument in a sentence or two. A good thesis
statement states only one main idea to avoid confusion
Examples:
An Analysis on the Impact of Social Media in
Communication in this Millennial Period as
Perceived by Grade 9 Students of Guiguinto National
Vocational High School
An Analysis on the Relationship between Academic
Performance and Students Behavioral
Shortcomings of Grade 9 Students of Guiguinto National
Vocational High School During
COVID 19 Period
4. Create a research report outline
A research report outline will help you see what you
expect to do and how and what the
report/paper will look like. It will guide you in the
writing process. It serves as a plan that will
make the work easier.
Sample outline of a research report
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Statement of the problem
B. Background of the study (purpose and
importance)
C. Overview of the report (content of the
report)
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Introduction of the review
B. Body of the review (discussion of sources,
findings, analysis, assumptions and
theories of researchers)
C. Summary of the review
III. METHODOLOGY
A. Description of the research
samples/subject
B. Data Collection Method
C. Data Analysis Procedures
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Presentation of result
B. Data Analysis/ Interpretation of
Results
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

A. Summary
B. Implications
C. Recommendations
5. Write a draft of the research paper
Write freely in your draft. It would not be perfect but you can polish it
later. Writing a
draft is like writing all the ideas you have in your mind then after
writing everything you may now
have time to organize your thoughts, discard irrelevant ideas and free
the writing from
grammatical errors. Having a draft will help you sort and state your
ideas clearly. Use your
created outline as a map while you work.
Note: Don’t forget to cite your
sources to avoid plagiarism
6. Write the introduction
The research report introduction is like an appetizer to which it
has to catch the interest of
your reader. It is the summary of your research. You give an
overview of what your research
report is all about and what is to be expected by the reader.
Present your topic, state the purpose
and importance of your paper, and support your position with
essential details. Remember, you
have to make a good impression to get the interest of your
readers
7. Write a compelling body of text
Organization of thoughts is very important. Make
sure to present the position or argument
in a manner that the reader will be informed and
convinced with what you say. Meaning, you
have to write ideas that are relevant and credible.
Be careful with the transitions of your ideas.
Let your ideas flow smoothly.
8. State your methodology
It includes what you did and how you do it. To convince
your reader with your arguments,
you have to support them with data that will prove your
point. In the methodology section, you
have to state the method you used and why it is the best
approach. Credibility and reliability
are at stake so be careful in this section and in the
analysis of your data.
9. Write the conclusion
The research report conclusion is the final section of
your paper. There should be a
sense of finality. Your conclusion should be on point and
do not open new arguments that will
confuse your readers. Make sure that in your conclusion
the problem is solved or settled and
avoid ending your paper with phrases like “in
conclusion”.
10. The revision process
After completing your writing, you have to read again your work and
make some
revisions. This is the final stage in which you filter your report with
unnecessary information.
Check if you have completed the details needed. Ensure the content of
every paragraph and
its logical order. Make sure that you proofread your work from
spelling, capitalization,
punctuation marks, fluency and should be free from grammatical
errors. After the final revision,
your report is now ready for submission.
PETA:
IMRAD
What is
IMRAD?
“IMRaD” format refers to a
paper that is structured by four
main sections: Introduction,
Methods, Results, and
Discussion.
This format is often used for lab
reports as well as for reporting any
planned, systematic research in the
social sciences, natural sciences, or
engineering and computer sciences.
I.
The Title Page
Title: Tells the reader what to expect in the paper.
Author(s): Most papers are written by one or two primary authors. The remaining
authors have reviewed the work and/or aided in study design or data analysis
(International Committee of Medical Editors, 1997). Check the Instructions to
Authors for the target journal for specifics about authorship.
Keywords [according to the journal]
Corresponding Author: Full name and affiliation for the primary contact author
for persons who have questions about the research.
Financial & Equipment Support [if needed]: Specific information about
organizations, agencies, or companies that supported the research.
Conflicts of Interest [if needed]: List and explain any conflicts of interest.
II. Abstract: “Structured abstract” has become
the standard for research papers (introduction,
objective, methods, results and conclusions),
while reviews, case reports and other articles
have non-structured abstracts. The abstract
should be a summary/synopsis of the paper.
III. Introduction: The “why did you
do the study”; setting the scene or
laying the foundation or background
for the paper
IV. Methods: The “how did you do the study.”
Describe the Context and setting of the study
Specify the study design
Population (patients, etc. if applicable)
Sampling strategy
Intervention (if applicable)
Identify the main study variables
Data collection instruments and procedures
Outline analysis methods
V. Results: The “what did you find” --
• Report on data collection and/or recruitment
• Participants (demographic, clinical condition,
etc.)
• Present key findings with respect to the central
research question
• Secondary findings (secondary outcomes,
subgroup analyses, etc.)
VI. Discussion: Place for interpreting the results
Main findings of the study
Discuss the main results with reference to previous
research
Policy and practice implications of the results
Strengths and limitations of the study
VII. Conclusions: [occasionally
optional or not required]. Do not
reiterate the data or discussion. Can
state hunches, inferences or
speculations. Offer perspectives for
future work.
VIII. Acknowledgements: Names
people who contributed to the work,
but did not contribute sufficiently to
earn authorship. You must have
permission from any individuals
mentioned in the acknowledgements
sections.
IX. References: Complete citations for any articles or other materials referenced in the text of
the article.
Resources
IMRD Cheatsheet (Carnegie Mellon) pdf.
Adewasi, D. (2021 June 14). What Is IMRaD? IMRaD Format in Simple Terms!. Scientific-
editing.info.
Nair, P.K.R., Nair, V.D. (2014). Organization of a Research Paper: The IMRAD Format. In:
Scientific Writing and Communication in Agriculture and Natural Resources. Springer, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03101-9_2
Sollaci, L. B., & Pereira, M. G. (2004).
The introduction, methods, results, and discussion (IMRAD) structure: a fifty-year survey.
Journal of the Medical Library Association : JMLA, 92(3), 364–367.
Cuschieri, S., Grech, V., & Savona-Ventura, C. (2019).
WASP (Write a Scientific Paper): Structuring a scientific paper. Early human
development, 128, 114–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.09.011
THANK YOU
AND
GOOD LUCK
CRITERIA FOR CHECKING YOUR IMRAD
INTRODUCTION, METHODOLOGY, RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CRITERIA POINTS
Clarity: Is the introduction clear and concise? Does it effectively communicate the 10
main topic or purpose of the piece?

Thesis Statement: Is there a clear thesis statement that outlines the main argument or 10
purpose of the writing? It should provide a roadmap for what the reader can expect.

Grammar 10
Originality: Does the introduction offer a fresh perspective or unique angle on the 10
topic? Avoid clichés and generic openings if possible
40 POINTS
WHOLE IMRAD

CRITERIA POINTS
Clarity: Is the introduction clear and concise? Does it effectively communicate the 25
main topic or purpose of the piece?

Thesis Statement: Is there a clear thesis statement that outlines the main argument or 25
purpose of the writing? It should provide a roadmap for what the reader can expect.

Grammar 25
Originality: Does the introduction offer a fresh perspective or unique angle on the 25
topic? Avoid clichés and generic openings if possible
100 POINTS

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