Aeromodelling

 Aeromodelling is the art of designing, building and flying

miniaturized aircrafts (powered or non-powered).

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Types of Aero-models

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RC Aircraft
 A radio-controlled aircraft (often called RC aircraft)is a small flying machine that is
controlled remotely by an operator on the ground using a hand-held
radio transmitter.

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Types of RC Aircraft
 RC scale aircraft modelling
 Sailplanes and gliders
 Jets
 Pylon racers
 Helicopters
 Flying birds or ornithopters
 3D flight

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Powerplants
 IC Engines (2 and 4 strokes miniature)-Compressive ignition (Diesel as fuel)
 Glow plug engines (nitro-methanol as fuel)
 Brushed and Brushless DC motors
 Miniature jet engines

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How Do We Define An Aircraft?
Here we have a ball that is thrown in the air.

Can we call the ball an aircraft?

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Definition of Aircrafts
An aircraft is an object that is able to fly by gaining support from the air, or, in general, the
atmosphere of a planet.

It counters the force of gravity by

• using either static lift or
• by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil,
• or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines.

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Static Lift
A Hot Air Balloon

• Works on the principle of buoyancy( `hydroSTATICs)

• The principle states that warmer air is lighter(less

denser) than cooler air and hence it rises up naturally.

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Dynamic Lift

Velocity
• The airplane experiences an upward force
or lift when it moves through air.

Lift

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Thrust from Jet Engines

• In rockets, the upward force or thrust is

produced by burning fuel and pushing the
gases out of the back of the engine.

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Dynamic Lift Aircrafts

Fixed wing Rotary Wing Flapping

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History of Aerial Vehicles
 Hot air Balloons
 Aerostats
 Zeppelin/ Airships
 Fixed Wing Aircrafts
 Rotary Wing Aircrafts
 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
 Drones

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Man’s Early Flight Attempts

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What makes an Aircraft fly?
Aircraft with only weight :

so lets add wings to it.

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 What makes an Aircraft fly?
Aircraft with wing : lift

wing Drag

weight

Flight is achieved for few seconds ,drag slow downs the flight hence we need thrust producing device

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What makes an Aircraft fly?

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 Classification of Aircraft
 Based on either lighter than air or heavier than air.
 Based on its purpose/application
 Based on type of wing
 Based on position of wing
 Based on type of power plant used
 Based on type of landing gears

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What is lift ?
 Lift is the force that directly opposes the weight of an aircraft and holds the aircraft in the
air
 It is generated by the interaction and contact of a solid body with a fluid (liquid or gas).
Interaction of solid and fluid

Solid body

Fluid flow

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Bernoulli’s theorem
Lift

Va
Pa

Pb

Vb

What happens if Va (velocity at the top of the body)>Vb(velocity at the bottom) ?

there will be pressure difference i.e Pb > Pa
Finally the fluid tries to flow from high pressure (Pb )region to low pressure(Pa), hence lift is g

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Momentum Lift Theory
In the momentum theory of lift, the slight
downward deflection of the air leaving the
trailing edge of a wing is what produces lift.

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Momentum Lift Theory

Newton’s Third Law : For Every Action there is an equal and

opposite reaction.

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Generation of Lift
The amount of lift produced in the wing depends on the following factors :

1. Wing’s Aerofoil shape

2. Angle of Attack
3. Density of Air

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 Aerofoil Nomenclature
Leading EdgeMean Camber Line Trailing
Trailing
Thickness Edge
Edge

Camber Chord Line

Chord

 The chord (C) is the distance between the leading edge and trailing edge
 The length of an aerofoil, normal to the cross-section (i.e., normal to the plane of a paper) is called
the span of a aerofoil.
 The camber line represents the mean profile of the aerofoil

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Types of Airfoil
 Semi-symmetrical Airfoil
 Symmetrical Airfoil
 Flat Bottom Airfoil
 Supersonic Airfoil
 Supercritical Airfoil

Supersonic airfoil

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NACA AIRFOIL SERIES
NACA stands for National Advisory committee for Aeronautics

NACA 2412

Max Camber =2% of chord length Max thickness = 12% of chord length

Location of Max camber at 40% of chord length

from leading edge

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What is angle of attack?

Angle of Attack (AOA) is the angle between the oncoming air and a reference line on
the airplane or the wing.

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AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS

Coefficient of Lift
Coefficient of
Lift

Angle of Attack Angle of Attack

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Stall
 What is stall ?
 Disadvantages of stall ?

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 What is a Stall ?
A stall is the condition of flight where an aerofoil can not make enough lift to keep the aircraft
in level flight.

When it occurs ? Particle spinning clockwise

Increase in angle of attack above critical value for an air foil

Signs of stall

 Low Airspeed
 High Nose position

How to overcome ?
To recover from a stall, the pilot must push the nose down

Particles rotating counter clockwise

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Aircraft in Stall

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Control Surfaces of an Aircraft
Control Surfaces

Wings
Tail
Engines

Ground Control Landing Gear

Fuselage
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 High Lift Devices
Flaps :
Location : at Trailing edge flaps
Purpose :
 During take-off- extending flap results in increase in lift and reduces take off distance
 During landing- extending flap results in increase in drag

Slats :
Location : at leading edge
Purpose :
 During take-off extending slats results increase in angle of attack and
Aircraft fly at low speed

Slats

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HIGH LIFT DEVICES
 Lift, L = (½ ρV2 )(S)(C L )
FLAPS & SLATS

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Elevons

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Ruddervators

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Canards

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Drag
 Theforce that resists the movement of the glider through
the air is called drag.
• Kinds of Drag
 Skin Friction drag

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Drag
 Pressure Drag or Form Drag

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Drag
Induced Drag

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Induced Drag

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Drag

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Devices Which Reduce Drag
 Wing Fences
 Winglets
Wing fence
obstructing span-wise airflow along the wing, they prevent the entire wing from stalling at
once, as opposed to wingtip devices, which increase aerodynamic efficiency by seeking to
recover wing vortex energy.
Often seen in Swept wing Aircraft

Wing Fence

MIG 17

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Devices which Reduce Drag
Winglets
 The winglet converts some of the otherwise-wasted energy in the wingtip vortex to an
apparent thrust.

 The drag reduction permitted by winglets can also reduce the required take-off distance

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 ASPECT RATIO = (SPAN)2 / AREA

 Less Aspect Ratio  Less  More aspect ratio  More

Efficiency, More efficiency, Less Strength,
Strength, More Agility Less Agility

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What is Thrust?
 Thrust is an artificial force manipulated by pilot and generated through engine(s) that
acts horizontally, parallel to flight path
OR
 Thrust is the force which moves an aircraft through the air. Thrust is used to overcome
the drag of an airplane, and to overcome the weight of a rocket.

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How to generate thrust in an aircraft?
 Reciprocating Engines
 Turbojets
 Turbofans
 Turboprops
 Turboshaft
 Ramjets
 Scramjets
 Rockets

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What is Stability?
 Stability is the tendency of an airplane in flight to remain in
straight, level, upright flight and to return to this altitude, if
displaced, without corrective action by the pilot.

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Stability- How to make an aircraft stable?

 Statically stable.
 Dynamically stable.

 Stability may be
 (a) positive, meaning the airplane will develop forces or moments which tend to restore
it to its original position;
 (b) neutral, meaning the restoring forces are absent and the airplane will neither return
from its disturbed position, nor move further away
 (c) negative, meaning it will develop forces or moments which tend to move it further
away. Negative stability is, in other words, the condition of instability.

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 Longitudinal stability (Pitching)

 Longitudinal stability is pitch stability, or stability around the lateral axis of the
airplane.
 Two principal factors influence longitudinal stability:
(1) size and position of the horizontal stabilizer
(2) position of the center of gravity.

Horizontal stabilizer
The tail plane, or stabilizer, is placed on the tail end. It may be quite small. However,
being situated at the end of the lever arm, it has great leverage.

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Lateral Stability (Rolling)
 Stability about the airplane's longitudinal axis, which extends from nose to tail, is
called lateral stability. This helps to stabilize the lateral or rolling effect when one
wing gets lower than the wing on the opposite side of the airplane.
 Important factor in consideration while lateral
stability are Dihedral and Anhedral wings.
 The basis of rolling stability is, of course, the
lateral balance of forces produced by the
airplane's wings i.e. Ailerons

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Wing Angles for Lateral Stability
Dihedral Wing:
 It is theDIHEDRAL
upward angle from horizontal of the wings or tailplane ANHEDRAL
of a fixed-wing
aircraftANGLE ANGLE
 Dihedral wings contribute to the stability of an aircraft

Anhedral Wing:
 Anhedral angle is the name given to negative dihedral angle, that is, when there is
a downward angle from horizontal of the wings or tailplane of a fixed-wing aircraft
 The stability of Anhedral wings is comparatively less than dihedral wing.

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Why do we need a Tail?
 HORIZONTAL TAIL
Lift from Wing
No Tail

Center of Gravity

The aircraftThe aircraft is not stable and tends to rotate

tends to rotate.
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Why Horizontal Stability Surface?

Lift from Wing

Lift from Tail

Center of Gravity

The Aircraft is stable and adjusts at an angle

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Directional Stability (Yawing)
 Directional stability is stability around the vertical or normal axis.
 The most important feature that affects directional stability is the vertical tail
surface, that is, the fin and rudder

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 STABILITY

LONGITUDINAL LATERAL DIRECTIONAL

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Working of Control Surfaces

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CONTROL SURFACES
PRIMARY
Ailerons- Rolling motion
Ailerons

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 CONTROL SURFACES
PRIMARY
Elevators
 Elevators  Pitching Motion

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 CONTROL SURFACES
PRIMARY
 Rudder  Yawing Motion Rudder

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Working of Control Surfaces

• Elevator up  Nose up
• Elevator down Nose down
• Right Aileron up  Right roll
• Left Aileron up  Left roll
• Rudder left  Nose Left
• Rudder right  Nose right

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Thrust – Brushless DC Motor
 Popular Choice for RC Models – Aircrafts & Helicopters
 High RPM & Less Torque
 3 terminals to energize 3 coils alternatively
 Controlled by Electronic Speed Controller

 1000 KV 
1 Volt Input – Motor Rotates with
1000 RPM
 12V Supply  12000 RPM
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Electronic Speed Controller
 Electronic circuit to vary BLDC motor's speed and its
direction
 ESC Ampere Rating should be higher than that of the BLDC
to handle current being drawn by motor

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ESC – Components
INPUT FROM
BATTERY
BATTERY ELIMINATOR
CIRCUIT (BEC)

MICRO-CONTROLLER TO
CONTROL THE VOLTAGE
GIVEN TO THE MOTOR

3-PHASE
ALTERNATING
SUPPLY TO THE
BRUSHLESS MOTOR

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Radio Transmission

6-CHANNEL
4-CHANNEL

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Radio Controls

MAX DOWN

RUDDE RIGHT
AILERON
R AILERON
LEFT RIGHT LEFT
RUDDER
ZERO UP

THROTTLE ELEVATOR

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 Questions??

TAKE OFF IS
OPTIONAL BUT...

LANDING IS MANDATORY!!
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