Blood

Blood
Dr. Ahmed Al-Dwairi

Hematopoietic Tissue
► Specialized connective tissue.
Derived from mesenchyme.
► Function: produce new blood cells and remove old ones.
► Two types of hematopoietic tissue
► Myeloid tissue (in bone marrow): produces all cell types
except lymphocytes
► Lymphoid tissue (in lymph nodes, spleen): produces
lymphocytes.
Blood Functions as a Dynamic Tissue
►Transportof substances from one area of the body to another

►Immunity, the body’s defense against disease
►Hemostasis, the arrest of bleeding
►Homeostasis, the maintenance of a stable internal environment
►Temperature regulation - absorbs and distributes heat throughout

body and skin
Blood composition
Whole blood is a suspension of cellular elements in plasma
 The hematocrit is the packed cell volume of blood; the rest of the volume is plasma.
 Serum = plasma – clotting proteins
Anemia can be caused by a variety of disorders
Anemia: A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood
Physical Characteristics and Volume of blood
► Total blood volume: 8% of body weight (~5L).
► Slightly alkaline pH between 7.35 and 7.45
► Blood is denser than water and about 3-4

times more viscous, due to red blood cells and
plasma proteins.
Many of the functions of plasma are carried
out by plasma proteins
Blood cell production (Hemopoiesis)
Production of RBC
In-utero (Prenatal):
• Early few weeks of embryo nucleated RBCs are formed in yolk sac.
• Middle trimester mainly in liver & spleen & lymph nodes.
• Last months RBCs are formed in bone marrow of all bones
After Birth:
• Bone marrow of flat bone continue to produce RBC into adult life
• Shaft of long bone stop to produce RBC at puberty while epiphysis continued
13
Prenatal Hematopoiesis
Erythropoiesis
RBC development is characterized by:
 A decrease in cell size.
 Disappearance of the nucleus.
 And appearance of hemoglobin (Hb)
17
Structural Characteristics of RBCs
• No nucleus (anucleate) or organelles (no mitochondria, no endoplasmic reticulum)
• Its small size and biconcave shape more surface area than spherical cells and makes them flexible and bendable.
• Major function of RBC is to transport hemoglobin.
• Erythrocytes contain mainly hemoglobin.
• In the RBC’s cytosol there are different proteins such as:
• Hemoglobin – made before loss of the nucleus (carries oxygen and CO2 and acts as protein buffer)
• Spectrin – promote changes in RBC shape
• Enzymes: for
1. ATP formation from glucose metabolism
2. Maintaining flexibility (elasticity) of the cell membrane
3. Transport ions across the cell membrane
4. Keeping iron in ferrous state
5. Acting as antioxidants
Note: when these enzymes become less active in old RBCs, the cells become more fragile and RBCs rupture
during their passage through tight capillaries (specially in spleen).
Splenectomy leads to increased number of abnormal shaped RBCs in circulation.

RBCs Live about Four Months
Regulation of RBC production
• Erythropoiesis is stimulated by erythropoietin hormone
produced by the kidney in response to hypoxia (low oxygen
in the blood)
• Hypoxia ( low oxygen) caused by:

• Low RBC count (Anemia)
• Hemorrhage
• High altitude
• Heart failure
• Lung disease
23
Role of the kidneys in RBC formation
ABO & Rh compatibility
Blood is classified according to the presence of these antigens:
Group A contains antigen A
Group AB contains both antigens
Group O contains neither antigen
Blood plasma contains antibodies against the opposite antigen:

A person with Type A blood has antibodies against the B antigen
A person with Type AB blood has no antibodies (Universal Recipient)
A person with Type O blood has antibodies against the A, B antigens

(Universal Donor)
Blood types depend on surface
antigens on erythrocytes
Rh Factor
• Found on the surface of RBCs
• Rhesus factor: discovered in rhesus monkeys in 1937
• Can be phenotypically positive or negative
• Positive is dominant over negative
• If positive is present, then you will express positive

phenotype
ABO & Rh compatibility
• People with Rhesus factors in their blood are classified as "Rh positive"
• People without the factors are classified as "Rh negative"
• Rh negative persons form antibodies against the Rh factor if they are exposed to
Rh positive blood
• Blood transfusion between incompatible groups causes an immune response
against the cells carrying the antigen, resulting in transfusion reaction
Blood Transfusion Compatibility Chart
Platelets
► Platelets are cell fragments produced in the bone marrow from huge cells called
megakaryocytes.
► Megakaryocytes develop their large size by undergoing DNA replication up to seven times
without undergoing nuclear or cytoplasmic division.
Hemostasis
(hem = blood; stasis = standing still), or
stopping the bleeding.
Phases of Hemostasis:
1- Vascular spasms occur.
2- Platelet plug forms.
3- Coagulation events occur.
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Leukocytes primarily function as defense agents outside the blood.
Leukocytes (WBCs)
• The only formed elements that are complete cells with a nucleus
and cytoplasmic organelles.
• Average count: 4000-10000 WBC/l of blood (1% of total blood
cells).
• Leukocytosis: An increase in number of WBCs in circulation.
• Leukopenia: A decrease in number of circulating WBCs.
Leukocytes Classification
• Granulocytes Non-Granulocytes
• Neutrophils Monocytes
• Eosinophils Lymphocytes
• Basophils
• Polymorphonuclear Mononuclear
• Neutrophils Monocytes
• Eosinophils Lymphocytes
• Basophils
• Phagocytes Non-phagocytes
• Neutrophils, monocytes Lymphocytes, Basophils
• Macrophages,eosinophils
Life span of WBCs
• Granulocytes stay in blood for 4-8 hours and in the tissues 5 days.
During infection life span is shortened to few hours.
• Monocytes stay in the blood for 10-20 hours and then they leave to
different tissues where they form tissue macrophages. Tissue
macrophages can live for months. If there is infection these
macrophages may die earlier.
• Lymphocytes circulate between blood and lymphoid tissues through

lymph and they survive for weeks and months.
Actions of Phagocytic Cells
Phagocytosis
Margination and Ameboid motion

extravasation
Chemotaxis and
motility
How does a phagocytic cell kill a microorganism?
 Enzymatic digestion
 Reactive oxygen metabolites

superoxide anion
hydrogen peroxide
hydroxyl radicals
 Complement system
• Neutrophils – most numerous WBC
• Phagocytize and destroy bacteria
• Nucleus – has two to six lobes
• Granules pick up acidic and basic stains
• Eosinophils – compose 1 – 4% of all WBCs
• Play roles in ending allergic reactions, parasitic infections
• Basophils – about 0.5% of all leukocytes
• Nucleus – usually two lobes
• Granules secrete histamines
• Function in inflammation mediation, similar in function to mast cells
Agranulocytes
• Lymphocytes – compose 20 – 45% of WBCs
• The most important cells of the immune system
• Nucleus – stains dark purple
• Effective in fighting infectious organisms
• Act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen)
• Two main classes of lymphocyte
• T cells – attack foreign cells directly
• B cells – multiply to become plasma cells that secrete antibodies
Agranulocytes
• Monocytes – compose 4–8% of WBCs
• The largest leukocytes
• Nucleus – kidney shaped
• Transform into macrophages
• Phagocytic cells

Blood

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Blood

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Blood

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Blood

Dr. Ahmed Al-Dwairi

►Transportof substances from one area of the body to another

►Hemostasis, the arrest of bleeding

►Homeostasis, the maintenance of a stable internal environment

►Temperature regulation - absorbs and distributes heat throughout

► Total blood volume: 8% of body weight (~5L).

► Slightly alkaline pH between 7.35 and 7.45

► Blood is denser than water and about 3-4

RBC development is characterized by:

 A decrease in cell size.

 Disappearance of the nucleus.

 And appearance of hemoglobin (Hb)

Splenectomy leads to increased number of abnormal shaped RBCs in circulation.

• Hypoxia ( low oxygen) caused by:

Blood plasma contains antibodies against the opposite antigen:

A person with Type O blood has antibodies against the A, B antigens

• Found on the surface of RBCs

• Rhesus factor: discovered in rhesus monkeys in 1937

• Can be phenotypically positive or negative

• Positive is dominant over negative

• If positive is present, then you will express positive

• People without the factors are classified as "Rh negative"

• Lymphocytes circulate between blood and lymphoid tissues through

Margination and Ameboid motion

 Reactive oxygen metabolites

You might also like