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ELECTRIC CIRCUITS THEORY
ELE 213
2023 – 2024 , FIRST SEMESTER
TRANSMISSION OR ABCD PARAMETERS
• In the case where we wish to consider transmission of an input
signal from one network to another, it is useful to consider V2
and I2 as independent variables as follows;
………………. (3)
• It is of importance to note that transmission lines are usually
represented by the model expressed by Equation (3).
• In which condition symbols A, B , C and D are usually used
instead of a11, a12, a21 and a22.
• Accordingly Equation (3) may be rewritten as:
………………. (4)
• Where, is called the ABCD-parameters matrix

• These parameters are very useful in the analysis of circuits in
cascade like transmission lines and cables.
• For this reason they are called Transmission Parameters.
• Note that in computing the transmission parameters, -I2 is used
rather than I2, because the current is leaving the network.
• The transmission parameters are determined as:
• Thus, the transmission parameters are called, specifically,

A = Open-circuit voltage ratio
B = Negative short-circuit transfer impedance
C = Open-circuit transfer admittance
D = Negative short-circuit current ratio
• A and D are dimensionless, B is in ohms, and C is in siemens.
• Since the transmission parameters provide a direct relationship
between input and output variables, they are very useful in
cascaded networks.
Properties of ABCD-Parameters Model
1. When A = D , the two-port network is said to be symmetrical.
• In other words the network has mirror like symmetry about
some center line.
2. When the determinant of ABCD parameter matrix is unity (AD-
BC=1), the two-port network is said to be reciprocal.
• Reciprocity indicates that the two-port network has no dependent
sources.
• In other words, it is made entirely of resistors, capacitors and
inductors.
Example 1
Determine the ABCD parameters for a transmission line

represented by a T equivalent circuit as shown in Fig. if Z=10+j20
Ω and Y = j4x10-4 S.
Solution
• To determine A and C, we apply a voltage source V1 to the input

port and leave the output port open I2=0.
V1 = I1 (Z/2 + 1/Y)
V2 = I1 (1/Y)
• To determine B and D, we apply a voltage source V1
to the input port and make the output port short
circuited V2=0.
=0
• For the given circuit parameters Z=10+j20 Ω , Y = j4x10-4 S :
ohm
S
HYBRID-PARAMETERS
• The h terms are known as the hybrid parameters because they
are a hybrid combination of ratios.
• They are very useful for describing electronic devices such as
transistors.
• It is much easier to measure experimentally the h parameters of
such devices than to measure their z or y parameters.
• In fact, we have seen that the ideal transformer does not have z
parameters.
• The ideal transformer can be described by the hybrid
• The H-parameters of a two-port network serve to relate the
voltage of input port V1 and current of output port I2 in terms
of currents of input port I1 and voltage of output port V2 as
follows:
………………. (5)
• Where, is called the H-parameters matrix

• The values of the parameters can be evaluated by setting:
I1 = 0 (input port open-circuited) or
V2 = 0 (output port short-circuited)
• Thus,
• It is evident that the parameters represent an impedance, a voltage
gain, a current gain, and an admittance, respectively.
• Therefore they are called the hybrid parameters.
• To be specific,
h11 = Short-circuit input impedance
h12 = Open-circuit reverse voltage gain
h21 = Short-circuit forward current gain
h22 = Open-circuit output admittance
Equivalent circuit for h-parameters
• Equation (5) can be represented by the equivalent circuit of Fig.
• The terms, h12V2 and h21I1 being included as voltage- dependent
voltage source and current-dependent current source.
Properties of h-Parameter Model
1. When the determinant of h-parameter matrix is unity (|H|= 1) ,
the two-port network is said to be symmetrical.
• In other words, the network has mirror like symmetry about
some center line.
2. When h12 = h21 , the two-port network is said to be reciprocal.
• Reciprocity indicates that the two-port network has no dependent
sources.
• In other words, it is made entirely of resistors, capacitors and
inductors.
Example 2
Find the h-parameters for the circuit shown in Fig. for Z 1= 2 Ω, Z2=
4 Ω and Z3= 8 Ω.
Solution
• For short circuit at the output port (V2 = 0).
V1 = I1 (Z1 + Z2//Z3)
= Z1 + Z2//Z3 = Z1 + Z2 Z3 / (Z2 + Z3)
= 2 + 4x8/12 = 4.67 Ω
I2 = - I1 . Z3 / (Z2 + Z3)
• For open circuit at the input port (I1 = 0).
V1 = I2 Z3, V2 = I2 (Z2 + Z3)
= Z3 / (Z2 + Z3) = 8 / (4 + 8) =
INTERCONNECTING TWO-PORT NETWORKS
• A large, complex network may be divided into subnetworks for
the purposes of analysis and design.
• The subnetworks are modeled as two-port networks,
interconnected to form the original network.
• The two-port networks may therefore be regarded as building
blocks that can be interconnected to form a complex network.
• The interconnection can be in:
1- Series 2- Parallel 3- Cascade
• Although the interconnected network can be described by any
of the six parameter sets, a certain set of parameters may have
a definite advantage.
• For example, when the networks are in series, their individual z
parameters add up to give the z parameters of the larger
network.
• When they are in parallel, their individual y parameters add up
to give the y parameters the larger network.
• When they are cascaded, their individual transmission
parameters can be multiplied together to get the transmission
SERIES CONNECTION
• Consider the series connection of two two-port networks shown
in Fig.
• Notice that:
SERIES CONNECTION
• The networks are regarded as being in series because their
input currents are the same and their voltages add.
• In addition, each network has a common reference, and when
the circuits are placed in series, the common reference points of
each circuit are connected together.
SERIES CONNECTION
• For network Na:
• For network Nb:

SERIES CONNECTION
• Thus, the z-parameters for the overall network are:
• The z-parameters for the overall network are the sum of the z-
parameters for the individual networks.
PARALLEL CONNECTION
• Consider the parallel connection of two two-port networks
shown in Fig.
• Notice that:
PARALLEL CONNECTION
• Two two-port networks are in parallel when their port voltages
are equal, and the port currents of the larger network are the
sums of the individual port currents.
• In addition, each circuit must have a common reference and
when the networks are connected together, they must all have
their common references tied together.
PARALLEL CONNECTION
• For network Na:
• For network Nb:

PARALLEL CONNECTION
• Thus, the y-parameters for the overall network are:
• The y-parameters for the overall network are the sum of the y-
parameters for the individual networks.
CASCADE CONNECTION
• Two networks are said to be cascaded when the output of one is
the input of the other.
• Consider the cascade connection of two two-port networks shown
in Fig.
•
CASCADE CONNECTION
• For network Na:
• For network Nb:

CASCADE CONNECTION
• Thus, the transmission parameters for the overall network are:
• Thus, the transmission parameters for the overall network are the product
of the transmission parameters for the individual networks.
• It is this property that makes the transmission parameters so useful.
• Keep in mind that the multiplication of the matrices must be in the order in
Example 3
Find the transmission parameters for the circuit shown in Fig.

Solution
• We can regard the given circuit as a cascade connection of two T-
networks as shown in Fig.
• We can show that a T-network (Na), shown in Fig., has the following
transmission parameters:
• I2 = 0 V1 = 5 I1 V2 = 1x I1
A = V1 / V2 = 5
C = I1 / V2 = 1
• V2 = 0 V1 = I1 x (4+1//8) = I1 x (4+8/9) = (44/9) 11
I2 = - I1 x 1/(1+8) = -(1/9) I1
B = - V1 / I2 = 44
D = - I 1 / I2 = 9
• We can show that a T-network (Nb), shown in Fig., has the following
transmission parameters:
• I2 = 0 V1 = 2 I1 V2 = 2x I1
A = V1 / V2 = 1
C = I1 / V2 = 0.5
• V2 = 0 V1 = I1 x (2//6) = I1 x (12/8) = (1.5) 11
I2 = - I1 x 2/(2+6) = -(2/8) I1 = -(0.25) I1
B = - V 1 / I2 = 6
D = - I 1 / I2 = 4
• Thus, the transmission parameters for the overall network are:

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ELECTRIC CIRCUITS THEORY

• Where, is called the ABCD-parameters matrix

• Thus, the transmission parameters are called, speciﬁcally,

Determine the ABCD parameters for a transmission line

• To determine A and C, we apply a voltage source V1 to the input

• Where, is called the H-parameters matrix

= Z1 + Z2//Z3 = Z1 + Z2 Z3 / (Z2 + Z3)

• For network Nb:

• For network Nb:

• For network Nb:

Find the transmission parameters for the circuit shown in Fig.

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