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Lecture8 Sampling Design

The document discusses different types of sampling designs used in research including probability and non-probability sampling. It describes various probability sampling techniques like simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling and multistage random sampling. It also covers non-probability sampling methods such as convenience sampling, purposive sampling, snowball sampling and quota sampling.

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10 views

Lecture8 Sampling Design

The document discusses different types of sampling designs used in research including probability and non-probability sampling. It describes various probability sampling techniques like simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling and multistage random sampling. It also covers non-probability sampling methods such as convenience sampling, purposive sampling, snowball sampling and quota sampling.

Uploaded by

agharizwanali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sampling Design

By
Dr. Sajid Hussain
What is sampling?
• Sampling means selecting the group that you will actually
collect data from in your research. For example, if you are
researching the opinions of students in your university, you
could survey a sample of 100 students. In statistics, sampling
allows you to test a hypothesis about the characteristics of a
population.
• Sampling is a process used in research in which a
predetermined number of observations are taken from a
larger population.
What is sampling?
What is sample?
• A sample is an unbiased number of observations taken from a
population. In simple terms, a population is the total number of
observations (i.e., individuals, animals, items, data, etc.) ... A sample,
in other words, is a portion, part, or fraction of the whole group, and
acts as a subset of the population.
• In research terms a sample is a group of people, objects, or items
that are taken from a larger population for measurement. The
sample should be representative of the population to ensure that we
can generalize the findings from the research sample to the population
as a whole.
Types of Sampling Design

•Probability
•Non- Probability
Types of Sampling Design
Probability

• Probability sampling refers to the selection of a


sample from a population, when this selection is
based on the principle of randomization, that is,
random selection or chance. Probability sampling is
more complex, more time-consuming and usually
more costly than non-probability sampling.
• The most critical requirement of probability sampling
is that everyone in your population has a known and
equal chance of getting selected.
Types of Probability

• Simple random sampling, as the name suggests, is an


entirely random method of selecting the sample. This
sampling method is as easy as assigning numbers to the
individuals (sample) and then randomly (aimlessly) choosing
from those numbers through an automated process. Finally,
the numbers that are chosen are the members that are
included in the sample.
• This sampling technique usually works around a large
population and has its fair share of advantages and
disadvantages.
Systematic Random Sampling
• Systematic sampling is a type of probability sampling method in
which sample members from a larger population are selected according
to a random starting point but with a fixed, periodic interval.
• This interval, called the sampling interval, is calculated by dividing the
population size by the desired sample size.. For example, you can select
every 5th person to be in the sample. Systematic sampling is an
extended implementation of the same old probability technique in
which each member of the group is selected at regular periods to form
a sample.
• There’s an equal opportunity for every member of a population to be
selected using this sampling technique.
Stratified Sampling

• Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into


subpopulations that may differ in important ways. It allows you draw
more precise conclusions by ensuring that every subgroup is properly
represented in the sample.
• To use this sampling method, you divide the population into
subgroups (called strata) based on the relevant characteristic (e.g.
gender, age range, income bracket, job role).
• Based on the overall proportions of the population, you calculate how
many people should be sampled from each subgroup. Then you use
random or systematic sampling to select a sample from each subgroup.
Cluster Sampling

• Cluster sampling is a two-step procedure. First, the entire


population is selected and separated into different clusters.
Random samples are then chosen from these subgroups.
• For example, a researcher may find it difficult to construct
the entire population of customers of a grocery store to
interview. However, they may be able to create a random
subset of stores; this represents the first step in the process.
The second step is to interview a random sample of the
customers of those stores.
Multistage Random Sampling
• Multistage sampling is defined as a sampling method
that divides the population into groups (or clusters) for
conducting research.
• It is a complex form of cluster sampling, sometimes,
also known as multistage cluster sampling.
• During this sampling method, significant clusters of
the selected people are split into sub-groups at various
stages to make it simpler for primary data collection.
Non- Probability

• Non-probability sampling (sometimes nonprobability


sampling) is a branch of sample selection that uses non-
random ways to select a group of people to participate in
research.
• Unlike probability sampling and its methods, non-probability
sampling doesn’t focus on accurately representing all
members of a large population within a smaller sample group
of participants. As a result, not all members of the population
have an equal chance of participating in the study.
Types of Non-Probability
• A convenience sample is a type of non-probability
sampling method where the sample is taken
from a group of people easy to contact or to
reach. For example, standing at a mall or a grocery
store and asking people to answer questions would
be an example of a convenience sample.
• Convenience sampling involves using respondents
who are “convenient” to the researcher.
Purposive sampling
• Purposive sampling, also known as judgmental,
selective, or subjective sampling, is a form of non-
probability sampling in which researchers rely on
their own judgment when choosing members of the
population to participate in their surveys.
• A purposive sample is a non-probability sample that
is selected based on characteristics of a population and
the objective of the study.
Snowball sampling
• Snowball sampling is a non-probability sampling method where
currently enrolled research participants help recruit future subjects for a
study.
• The process of snowball sampling is much like asking your subjects to
nominate another person with the same trait as your next subject.
The researcher then observes the nominated subjects and continues in
the same way until the obtaining sufficient number of subjects.
• For example, a researcher who is seeking to study leadership
patterns could ask individuals to name others in their community
who are influential.
Quota Sampling
• Quota sampling is a type of non-probability
sampling method. This means that elements from the
population are chosen on a non-random basis and all
members of the population do not have an equal
chance of being selected to be a part of the sample
group.
• Quota sampling is defined as a non-probability
sampling method in which researchers create a sample
involving individuals that represent a population

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