Scribd
Upload
33 views15 pages

Lecture5 Philosophy of Research

The document discusses key concepts in research philosophy including ontology, epistemology, methodology and paradigms. It explains different types of paradigms like positivistic, interpretive, critical and post positivistic perspectives. The document also defines hypothesis, describes how to develop a research hypothesis and lists different types of research hypotheses.

Uploaded by

agharizwanali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
33 views15 pages

Lecture5 Philosophy of Research

The document discusses key concepts in research philosophy including ontology, epistemology, methodology and paradigms. It explains different types of paradigms like positivistic, interpretive, critical and post positivistic perspectives. The document also defines hypothesis, describes how to develop a research hypothesis and lists different types of research hypotheses.

Uploaded by

agharizwanali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Advanced Methods in Mass

Communication Research

By
Dr. Sajid Hussain Zahid
What is Knowing?

• The ways of Knowing are what they sound like, the methods
through which knowledge becomes apparent to us.
• There are nine different ways of knowing: Language, Sense
Perception, Emotion, Reason, Imagination, Faith, Intuition
(sensitivity) and Memory.
• We make sense of the world through these nine ways of
knowing.
• “Ways of knowing” is another way to say “epistemologies,”
which refer to theories of what knowledge is and how it's
produced and transmitted.
Key Concepts of Research Philosophy
There are some key concepts of research philosophy, which are described below:
Ontology: It gives three basic answers: What is reality and knowledge? What shapes
that knowledge and reality? What is the relationship between these components?
Ontology deals with the question of what is reality. Ontological stance deals with
singular reality and multiple realities.
Epistemology: How we receive knowledge? How do we know reality or truth?
"epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge and the
process by which knowledge is acquired and validated" (Gall, Borg, & Gall, 1996).
Epistemological stance deals with it can be measured and can be interpreted.
Methodology: refers to the overarching strategy and rationale of your research project.
It involves studying the methods used in your field and the theories or principles
behind them, in order to develop an approach that matches your objectives.
Paradigm
• A paradigm is a standard, perspective, or set of ideas.
• A paradigm is a way of looking at something.
• A system of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices that
constitutes a way of viewing reality.
• It is set of propositions that explain how the world is
perceived. It contains a world view a way of breaking down
the complexity of the real world.
• It is a whole system of thinking.
Paradigm shift
• A fundamental change in approach or underlying
assumptions.
• The term paradigm shift refers to a major change in the
worldview, concepts, and practices of how something works
or is accomplished. A paradigm shift can happen within a
wide variety of contexts from scientific research to industry.
• Paradigm shifts in industry often happen when new
technology is introduced that radically alters the production
process or manufacturing of a good or service.
Paradigm Types
•Positivistic Perspective
•Interpretive Perspective
•Critical Perspective
•Post Positivistic Perspective
Positivistic Perspective

• As it is old form of paradigm work of A. Comte and E. Durkiem.


• This approach defines reality as everything we perceive through our
senses.
• Other sources of knowledge are unreliable.
• Reality is always before us that require experiences to be realized that
is objective.
• It is based on strict rules and procedures.
• Quantitative approach based on positivistic perspective.
Interpretive Perspective

• It consists the work of Vice, Dilthay, and Weber.


• According to them reality does not exist or out there but it exists at the
minds of people.
• It is internally experienced through social interaction and interpreted by the
actors.
• Reality is not subjective not objective.
• Subjective (Influenced by personal feelings and tastes.
• Qualitative method based on interpretive perspective.
• This approach realizes reality from specific to general and from the concrete
(Physical form, tangible) to the abstract (existing in thought as an idea).
Critical Perspective
• It is work of Karl Marx, other theorists and feminists.
• They see the reality in a different manner and perspective.
• Reality is created not by nature but some influential powerful people
tend to change and manipulate conditions and brainwash others to
perceive things according to powerful people’s own will and desire.
• Their view point reality is not as like as it appears to be.

Masses (Common
Powerful Class Media
People)
Post Positivistic Perspective

• Positivists emphasize on quantitative methods.


• Where as post positivists consider both qualitative and
quantitative methods to be valid approaches.
• Post positivists emphasize on mixed method approach.
• Post positivists accept that theories, background, knowledge,
and values of the researcher can influence what is observed or
findings and results.
• Post positivistic pursue objectivity by recognizing the possible
effects of biases ( Karl Popper).
What is Hypothesis?
• It is a proposed explanation of a phenomenon.
• A research hypothesis is a statement of expectation or prediction
that will be tested by research.
• A research hypothesis is a specific, clear, and testable proposition or
predictive statement about the possible outcome of a scientific
research.
• Study based on a particular property of a population, such as
presumed differences between groups on a particular variable or
relationships between variables.
How to develop Research hypothesis?

1.Identify the research gap. Writing a hypothesis


begins with an objective and research question
that you want to achieve or to answer…
2.Do some preliminary research. ...
3.Formulate your hypothesis. ...
4.Refine your hypothesis. ...
5.Phrase your hypothesis
Types of Research Hypotheses

• Simple Hypothesis
A simple hypothesis predicts the relationship between a single dependent
variable and a single independent variable.
• Complex Hypothesis
A complex hypothesis predicts the relationship between two or more
independent and dependent variables.
• Directional Hypothesis
A directional hypothesis specifies the expected direction to be followed to
determine the relationship between variables. This kind of hypothesis is
derived from theory, and it also implies the researcher’s academic
commitment to a particular outcome.
Types of Research Hypotheses
• Non-directional Hypothesis
A non-directional hypothesis does not predict the exact direction or
nature of the relationship between the two variables. A researcher would
utilize this kind of hypothesis if it is not based on theory or when the
new research findings contradict the previous research.
• Null Hypothesis
A null hypothesis, denoted by H0, posits a negative statement to support
the researcher’s findings that there is no relationship between two
variables or that any findings are the result of mere chance.
Types of Research Hypotheses
• Alternative Hypothesis
An alternative hypothesis, denoted by H1 or Ha, challenges the null
hypothesis and states that there is a relationship between the two
variables of the study and that the results are significant to the research
topic.

You might also like