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    Properties of Molecules Based On Polarity

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    willynprincess2

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    Properties of Molecules Based On Polarity

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    willynprincess2
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    Properties of Molecules Based on Polarity

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    3 views22 pages

    Properties of Molecules Based On Polarity

    Uploaded by

    willynprincess2

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    Properties of Molecules based on

    Polarity
     Polarity of molecules is based from the concept of electronegativity value and
    molecular geometry
    Warm Up to recall basic few concepts

    1. LECMOULE
    2. O PA L R O D N B
    3. L O N E PA I R
    4. NAROPOLN BDON
    5. ACEGTROTLIYEITENV
    6. AT O M
    Guide Question:

    1. What is the message of the song?


    2. If you add oil to the water, what will happen? Will it create a single
    homogenous phase or will it form two layers? Why?
    3. Why do you think water and oil cannot be mixed even when heated?
    Support your answer.
    Polarity, Solubility, and Miscibility

    Solubility is defined as the ability of a solid


    substance to be dissolved in a given amount
    of solvent
    miscibility is the ability of the two liquids
    to combine or mix in all proportions,
    creating a homogenous mixture
     “like dissolves like” or “like mixes with
    like”.
     This means that polar substances will only
    be dissolved or mixed with polar
    substances while nonpolar substances will
    be soluble or miscible with another
    nonpolar substance.
    Lets Practice !

    Which of the following substances below will most


    likely mix with each other?
    a. Polar and non polar
    a. water (H2O) and chloroform (CHCl3) (immiscible)
    b. benzene (C6H6) and chloroform (CHCl3) b. Both non polar (miscible)
    c. Both polar (miscible)
    c. water (H2O) and vinegar (CH3COOH) d. Polar and nonpolar
    d. acetone (C3H6O) and toluene (C6H5CH3) e. Non polar and polar
    (immiscible)
    e. carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and water (H2O)
    Bond Strength and Physical Properties of
    Covalent Compounds

     intramolecular forces of attraction, the


    attractive force that binds atoms together.
     another type of attractive force, the
    intermolecular forces of attraction
    (IMFA) which exists between molecules.
    Ex. Bromine molecule boils
    The strength of the a substance easily because of weak
    intermolecular attractive force intermolecular attractive forces
    determines many of its physical
    properties including its melting Water which posses high
    and boiling point. intermolecular force of attraction
    boils at 100 degrees Celsius
    Chemical Bonds, Compounds, and their
    Corresponding Boiling Points

    Type of Type of Example Molar Mass Boiling point


    Bond Compound (g/mol) (°C)

    Ionic Ionic NaCl 58.44 1413


    MgCl2 95.21 1412
    Ionic compounds has
    Polar Molecular H20 18.01 100 higher boiling points than
    Covalent ICl 162.4 97 molecular compounds.
    Higher boiling points
    indicate greater IMFA
    Nonpolar Molecular I2 78.11 184
    covalent C6H6 253.8 80
    Br2 159.8 59
     IMFA also affects solubility.
     Polar substance is only soluble in
    a polar substance
    IMFA

     Arise from attractions between


    partial positive and partial
    negative electrical charges
     Also referred to as van der
    Waals forces , from Dutch
    physicist Johannes Diederik van
    der Waals
     The term “INTERmolecular forces” is used to describe the forces of
    attractionBETWEEN atoms, molecules, and ions when they are placed close to
    each other
     This is different from INTRAmolecular forces which is another word for the
    covalent bonds inside molecules.
     When two particles experience an intermolecular force, a positive (+) charge on
    one particle is attracted to the negative (-) on the other particles.
     When intermolecular forces are strong the atoms, molecules or ions are strongly
    attracted to each other, and draw closer together. These are more likely to be found
    in condensed states such as liquid or solid.
     When intermolecular forces are weak, the atoms, molecules or ions do not have a
    strong attraction for each other and move far apart.
    Types of IMFA
    Dipole – Dipole Forces
    • Intermolecular forces of attraction between polar molecules
    • These are short-ranged forces that exist between molecules that are very near to each
    other
    • Dipole-dipole forces exist between molecules that are polar-those that have a
    permanent dipole moment due to uneven sharing of electrons
    • This uneven sharing gives one side of the molecule a partial positive charge (δ+) and
    the other side a partially negative charge (δ-)
    • The polarities of individual molecules ten to align by opposites, drawing molecules
    together and thereby favoring a condensed phase. Substances with dipole-dipole
    attractions tend to have higher melting and boiling points compared to nonpolar
    molecules
    Dashed lines are used to represent hydrogen
    bonding between a hydrogen atom and the
    Hydrogen Bonds unshared electrons of an electronegative
    • A special type of Dipole-Dipole interaction atom to which it is attracted
    • It results when hydrogen atom bonded to a
    highly electronegative atom like N, O, or F
    is attracted to an unshared pair of electrons
    of an electronegative atom of another
    molecule
    • Compared to other polar molecules, (like
    HCl), the boiling points of Hydrogen
    bonded molecules are higher due to the
    special stability provided by Hydrogen
    bonds

    Have the strongest permanent molecular dipoles of any


    covalent bonds
    In any molecule, electrons are always moving. At
    any given instant, they might be at one end of the
    molecule. Even if the molecule were nonpolar, this
    London Dispersion Forces would instantaneously create a temporary dipole.
    One end would become negative and the other end
    • Fritz Wolfgang London, proposed that all
    positive.
    intermolecular forces exist between all atoms and
    molecules
    • These forces result from the constant movement of
    electrons in molecules, which consequently creates
    instantaneous dipoles.
    • The weakest type of IMFA and only exist when atoms
    are in very close range.
    • Exist between atoms in noble gases and nonmolecular
    compounds. Because of this, noble gases and
    nonmolecular compounds have low boiling points
    • LDF increases with increasing molar mass.
    Ex. Br2 (159.8g/mol) and I2 (253.8 g/mol)
    Summary of Intermolecular Forces of
    Attractions

    IMFA Types of Substances that exhibit


    attraction
    Dipole - dipole Molecules that have permanent
    dipole
    Hydrogen Bonding Molecules with N-H, O-H, and H-F
    bonds
    London Dispersion Forces Present in all substances
    Identify the IMFA present between molecules of each compound. Rank (1-3)
    the compounds in terms of increasing strength of IMFA

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